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GERR > Physiology - Adrenal 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Physiology - Adrenal 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where are catecholamines made

a.adrenal gland
b.adrenal cortex
c.adrenal medulla

A

c.adrenal medulla

catecholaMines = Medulla

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2
Q

where are corticosteroids made

a.adrenal gland
b.adrenal cortex
c.adrenal medulla

A

b.adrenal cortex

CORticosteroids = CORtex

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3
Q

where are mineralocorticoids secreted from

a. adrenal cortex
b.adrenal medulla
c.zona glomerulosa
d.zona fasiculata
e.zona reticularis

A

c.zona glomerulosa

(outer layer of adrenal cortex)

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4
Q

where are glucocorticoids secreted from

a. adrenal cortex
b.adrenal medulla
c.zona glomerulosa
d.zona fasiculata
e.zona reticularis

A

d.zona fasiculata

middle layer of adrenal cortex

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5
Q

where are adrenal androgens secreted from

a. adrenal cortex
b.adrenal medulla
c.zona glomerulosa
d.zona fasiculata
e.zona reticularis

A

e.zona reticularis

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6
Q

hat is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex

a.zona glomerlosa
b.zona fasiculata
c. zona reticularis

A

a.zona glomerlosa

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7
Q

what is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

a.zona glomerlosa
b.zona fasiculata
c. zona reticularis

A

b.zona fasiculata

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8
Q

what is the inner layer of the adrenal cortex

a.zona glomerlosa
b.zona fasiculata
c. zona reticularis

A

c. zona reticularis

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9
Q

what is cortisol found primarily bound to

a.albumin
b.unbound
c.transcortin
d.transferrin

A

c.transcortin

10% to albumin
5% unbound

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10
Q

what is aldosterone found primarily bound to

a.albumin
b.unbound
c.transcortin
d.transferrin

A

a.albumin

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11
Q

what type of postganglionic neuron is found in the adrenal medulla

a.normal
b.modified cell body only
c.modified axon only

A

b.modified cell body only

releases epinephrine into blood vessels to target organ

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12
Q

when catecholamines bind to the g protein receptor on cell memrbanes what do they activate

a.cAMP
b.adenyl cyclase
c.protein kinase
d.ion channel

A

b.adenyl cyclase

converts ATP to cAMP

activates kinase

alters enzyme activity and opens ion channels

target cell response

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13
Q

what are the two key factors controlling cortisol secretion

a.stress and diurnal rhythm (pulsatile)

b.stress and circadian rhythm ]

c.stress and ultraradian rhythm

A

a.stress and diurnal rhythm (pulsatile)

stress increases cortisol

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14
Q

what is the correct order of events for release of cortisol

A

stress,emotion,hypoglycaemia, diurnal rhythms cause release of CRH

CRH triggers release of ACTH from anterior pituitary

ACTH acts as short feedback and on adrenal gland

adrenal gland releases cortisol (long feedback

ad

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15
Q

when should suspected cortisol defficiency be tested for

a. 8-9 am

b.midday

c.midnight

A

a. 8-9 am

cortisol should be at peak

if low defficinecy likely

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16
Q

when should suspected cortisol excess be tested for

a. 8-9 am

b.midday

c.midnight

A

c.midnight

cortisol levels should be at lowest

if high cortisol excess is likely

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17
Q

what happens to levels of free cortisol in high cortisol state

a.increase
b.decrease

A

a.increase

transcortin quickly saturated

high amount of cortisol left unbound

urinary free cortisol high

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18
Q

what effects does glucocorticoids have on muscle

a.net increase in amino acids

b.net decrease in amino acids

A

b.net decrease in amino acids

increase in glucose

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19
Q

what effect do glucorticoids have on the liver

a.glycolysis

b. gluconeogenesis and glycolysis

c.glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

A

-c.glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

what effect do glucorticoids have on the fat cells

a.lipogenesis

b.lipolysis

A

b.lipolysis

increase FFA

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21
Q

what effect do glucocortioids have on the immune system

a.activate
b.surpress

A

b.surpress

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22
Q

a hormone that has to present for other hormones to work / physiological processes to occur eg cortisol is known as…

A

permissive

cortisol affects other hormones that act oposoingly to insulin eg glucagon, adrenaline, growth hormone

23
Q

what hormone is required for the expression of adrenergic and agt 2 receptors in the CVS

a. insulin
b.adrenaline
c.cortisol
d.growth hormone

A

c.cortisol

24
Q

patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . bloods show high CRH levels , high ACTH and high cortisol
what is the likely cause

a.hypothalmic tumour

b.anterior pituitary tumour

c.adrenal tumour

d.ectopic tumour

e.iatrogenic cushings

A

a. hypothalamic tumour

secretes increased CRH
stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete increased ACTH
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete increased cortisol

negative feedback fails as tumour continues to release CRH despite this

25
Q

patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . bloods show low CRH levels , high ACTH and high cortisol
what is the likely cause

a.hypothalmic tumour

b.anterior pituitary tumour

c.adrenal tumour

d.ectopic tumour

e.iatrogenic cushings

A
25
Q

patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . bloods show low CRH levels , high ACTH and high cortisol
what is the likely cause

a.hypothalmic tumour

b.anterior pituitary tumour

c.adrenal tumour

d.ectopic tumour

e.iatrogenic cushings

A
25
Q

patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . bloods show low CRH levels , high ACTH and high cortisol
what is the likely cause

a.hypothalmic tumour

b.anterior pituitary tumour

c.adrenal tumour

d.ectopic tumour

e.iatrogenic cushings

A

b.anterior pituitary tumour

tumout secretes increased ACTH
stimulates adrenal cortex to release increased cortisol

negative feedback from cortisol and ACTH ro hypothalamus still works so CRH is decreased

MOST COMMON- known as cushings DISEASE

26
Q

patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . bloods show low CRH levels , low ACTH and high cortisol
what is the likely cause

a.hypothalmic tumour

b.anterior pituitary tumour

c.adrenal tumour

d.ectopic tumour

e.iatrogenic cushings

A

c.adrenal tumour

adrenal tumout secretes increased cortisol

negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pitutary still works so reduced CRH and ACTH

27
Q

patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . it is found to be down to an ectopic tumour , where is this tumour most likely to be found

a.heart
b.lungs
c.brain
d.kidney
c.liver
d.adrenal gland

A

b.lungs

28
Q

patient presents with moon face, fat deposition at the belly and at the dorsocervical pad, thin limbs , striae and muscle weakness which diagnosis most likley

a.cushings
b.addisons
c.conns

A

a.cushings

29
Q

at causes cushings

a.decreased glucocorticoids
b.increased glucocorticoids

A

b.increased glucocorticoids

30
Q

what are the 3 main components of RAAS

a.renin , angiotensin 2 , aldosterone

b.renin, angiotensin 2 , angiotensin 1

c.renin , angiontensin 1 and aldosterone

A

a.renin , angiotensin 2 , aldosterone

31
Q

what is the correct set of effects for aldosterone

a.increased sodium and water absorption, increased potassium and H+ secretion, increased BV and BP

b.decreased sodium and water absorption , increased pottasium and H+ secretion, decreased BV and BP

A

a.increased sodium and water absorption, increased potassium and H+ secretion, increased BV and BP

32
Q

aldosterone defficiency leads to..

a.dehydration , plasma depeltion, hypotension , hyperkalaemia,ventricular fibrillation, metabolic acidosis

b.plasma volume increase, hypertension , hypokalaemia, slowed HR, metabolic alkilosis

A

a.dehydration , plasma depeltion, hypotension , hyperkalaemia,ventricular fibrillation, metabolic acidosis

33
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism is known as

b.cushings
c. addisons

A

b.cushings

34
Q

patient with hypertension, hypokalaemia, hypervolaemia and metabolic alkalosis . Diagnosis is Conns syndrome . what is the cause of the hyperaldosteronism that is inducing these symptoms

a. adrenal adenoma
b.overactivity of raas
c.excess glucocorticoids

A

a. adrenal adenoma

if this is cause it is known as primary hyperaldosteronism or conns syndrome

35
Q

patient with hypertension, hypokalaemia, hypervolaemia and metabolic alkalosis . cause found to be overactivity of RAAS which diagnosis most suitable

a. Conns syndrome
b.primary hyperaldosteronism
c.secondary aldosteronism

A

c.secondary aldosteronism

36
Q

primary adrenocortical insufficiency is known as

a. addisons
b.cushings
c.conns

A

a. addisons

37
Q

destruction of both adrenal cortices occurs in which condition

a. addisons
b.cushings
c.conns

A

a. addisons

most often due to autoimmunity

38
Q

lack of glucorticoids due to destruction of adrenal cortex in addisons leads to which set of symtpoms

a.hypoglycaemia, loss of weight , poor excercise tolerance , poor stress tolerance

b.hyponatreamia , hyperkalaemia, acidosis, hypovolaemia , decreased CO , shock and death

A

a.hypoglycaemia, loss of weight , poor excercise tolerance , poor stress tolerance

39
Q

lack of mineralocorticoids due to destruction of adrenal cortex in addisons leads to which set of symtpoms

a.hypoglycaemia, loss of weight , poor excercise tolerance , poor stress tolerance

b.hyponatreamia , hyperkalaemia, acidosis, hypovolaemia , decreased CO , shock and death

A

b.hyponatreamia , hyperkalaemia, acidosis, hypovolaemia , decreased CO , shock and death

40
Q

a lack of corticoids as a result of pituitary / hypothalamic abnormality resulting in decreased ACH often due to sydden withdrawal of glucocorticoid drugs is known as

a.cushings
b.conns
c.addisons
d. secondary adrenocortical insufficinecy
e.primary hyperaldosteronism

A

d. secondary adrenocortical insufficinecy

41
Q

bronze skin, hypoglycaemia, weight loss, GI disturbance and changes in distribution of body hair are associated with which condition

a.cushings
b.conns
c.addisons
d. secondary adrenocortical insufficinecy
e.primary hyperaldosteronism

A

c.addisons

and hyperpigmentation of palamr creases and buccal membranes

42
Q

what is the name of the specialised neuron cell bodies that secrete catecholamins eg adrenaline /noradrenaline

a.keipffer
b.chromaffin
c.sympathetic nerve cell

A

b.chromaffin

43
Q

type of neuron synapses with a chromaffin cell

a.parasympathetic
b.sympathetic

A

b.sympathetic

cell releases adrenaline and noradrenaline

44
Q

what is the funciton of monoamine oxidase

a.metabolism of glucocorticoids
b.metabolism of adrenaline
c.metabolism of catecholamines
d.formation of catecholamines

A

c.metabolism of catecholamines

45
Q

what happens to catecholamines in the liver

a.metabolised
b.conjugated
c.formed

A

b.conjugated
with glucuronide in liver and excreted in urine and bile

46
Q

noradrenaline has a greater affinity for which receptors

a.alpha
b.beta

A

a.alpha

47
Q

adrenaline has a greater affinity for which receptors

a.alpha
b.beta

A

b.beta

48
Q

what does activation of a1 do

a.acts via phospholiapse c to increase ip3

b.decreases cAMP production

c.increases cAMP

d.decreases cAMP

A

a.acts via phospholiapse c to increase ip3

49
Q

what does activation of a2 do

a.acts via phospholiapse c to increase ip3

b.decreases cAMP production

c.increases cAMP

d.decreases cAMP

A

b.decreases cAMP production

50
Q

what does activation of b2 do

a.acts via phospholiapse c to increase ip3

b.decreases cAMP production

c.increases cAMP

A

c.increases cAMP

51
Q

what does activation of b1 do

a.acts via phospholiapse c to increase ip3

b.decreases cAMP production

c.increases cAMP

A

c.increases cAMP

52
Q
  • hypertension
  • headache
  • sweating
  • palpitations
  • chest pain
  • anxiety
  • glucose intolerance
  • increased metabolic rate

are signs of a tumour secreting what

a.catecholamines
b.adrenal androgens
c.corticoids

A

a.catecholamines

GERR (53 decks)

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