Physiology - Adrenal 1 and 2 Flashcards
where are catecholamines made
a.adrenal gland
b.adrenal cortex
c.adrenal medulla
c.adrenal medulla
catecholaMines = Medulla
where are corticosteroids made
a.adrenal gland
b.adrenal cortex
c.adrenal medulla
b.adrenal cortex
CORticosteroids = CORtex
where are mineralocorticoids secreted from
a. adrenal cortex
b.adrenal medulla
c.zona glomerulosa
d.zona fasiculata
e.zona reticularis
c.zona glomerulosa
(outer layer of adrenal cortex)
where are glucocorticoids secreted from
a. adrenal cortex
b.adrenal medulla
c.zona glomerulosa
d.zona fasiculata
e.zona reticularis
d.zona fasiculata
middle layer of adrenal cortex
where are adrenal androgens secreted from
a. adrenal cortex
b.adrenal medulla
c.zona glomerulosa
d.zona fasiculata
e.zona reticularis
e.zona reticularis
hat is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex
a.zona glomerlosa
b.zona fasiculata
c. zona reticularis
a.zona glomerlosa
what is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex
a.zona glomerlosa
b.zona fasiculata
c. zona reticularis
b.zona fasiculata
what is the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
a.zona glomerlosa
b.zona fasiculata
c. zona reticularis
c. zona reticularis
what is cortisol found primarily bound to
a.albumin
b.unbound
c.transcortin
d.transferrin
c.transcortin
10% to albumin
5% unbound
what is aldosterone found primarily bound to
a.albumin
b.unbound
c.transcortin
d.transferrin
a.albumin
what type of postganglionic neuron is found in the adrenal medulla
a.normal
b.modified cell body only
c.modified axon only
b.modified cell body only
releases epinephrine into blood vessels to target organ
when catecholamines bind to the g protein receptor on cell memrbanes what do they activate
a.cAMP
b.adenyl cyclase
c.protein kinase
d.ion channel
b.adenyl cyclase
converts ATP to cAMP
activates kinase
alters enzyme activity and opens ion channels
target cell response
what are the two key factors controlling cortisol secretion
a.stress and diurnal rhythm (pulsatile)
b.stress and circadian rhythm ]
c.stress and ultraradian rhythm
a.stress and diurnal rhythm (pulsatile)
stress increases cortisol
what is the correct order of events for release of cortisol
stress,emotion,hypoglycaemia, diurnal rhythms cause release of CRH
CRH triggers release of ACTH from anterior pituitary
ACTH acts as short feedback and on adrenal gland
adrenal gland releases cortisol (long feedback
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when should suspected cortisol defficiency be tested for
a. 8-9 am
b.midday
c.midnight
a. 8-9 am
cortisol should be at peak
if low defficinecy likely
when should suspected cortisol excess be tested for
a. 8-9 am
b.midday
c.midnight
c.midnight
cortisol levels should be at lowest
if high cortisol excess is likely
what happens to levels of free cortisol in high cortisol state
a.increase
b.decrease
a.increase
transcortin quickly saturated
high amount of cortisol left unbound
urinary free cortisol high
what effects does glucocorticoids have on muscle
a.net increase in amino acids
b.net decrease in amino acids
b.net decrease in amino acids
increase in glucose
what effect do glucorticoids have on the liver
a.glycolysis
b. gluconeogenesis and glycolysis
c.glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis
-c.glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis
what effect do glucorticoids have on the fat cells
a.lipogenesis
b.lipolysis
b.lipolysis
increase FFA
what effect do glucocortioids have on the immune system
a.activate
b.surpress
b.surpress
a hormone that has to present for other hormones to work / physiological processes to occur eg cortisol is known as…
permissive
cortisol affects other hormones that act oposoingly to insulin eg glucagon, adrenaline, growth hormone
what hormone is required for the expression of adrenergic and agt 2 receptors in the CVS
a. insulin
b.adrenaline
c.cortisol
d.growth hormone
c.cortisol
patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . bloods show high CRH levels , high ACTH and high cortisol
what is the likely cause
a.hypothalmic tumour
b.anterior pituitary tumour
c.adrenal tumour
d.ectopic tumour
e.iatrogenic cushings
a. hypothalamic tumour
secretes increased CRH
stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete increased ACTH
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete increased cortisol
negative feedback fails as tumour continues to release CRH despite this
patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . bloods show low CRH levels , high ACTH and high cortisol
what is the likely cause
a.hypothalmic tumour
b.anterior pituitary tumour
c.adrenal tumour
d.ectopic tumour
e.iatrogenic cushings
patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . bloods show low CRH levels , high ACTH and high cortisol
what is the likely cause
a.hypothalmic tumour
b.anterior pituitary tumour
c.adrenal tumour
d.ectopic tumour
e.iatrogenic cushings
patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . bloods show low CRH levels , high ACTH and high cortisol
what is the likely cause
a.hypothalmic tumour
b.anterior pituitary tumour
c.adrenal tumour
d.ectopic tumour
e.iatrogenic cushings
b.anterior pituitary tumour
tumout secretes increased ACTH
stimulates adrenal cortex to release increased cortisol
negative feedback from cortisol and ACTH ro hypothalamus still works so CRH is decreased
MOST COMMON- known as cushings DISEASE
patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . bloods show low CRH levels , low ACTH and high cortisol
what is the likely cause
a.hypothalmic tumour
b.anterior pituitary tumour
c.adrenal tumour
d.ectopic tumour
e.iatrogenic cushings
c.adrenal tumour
adrenal tumout secretes increased cortisol
negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pitutary still works so reduced CRH and ACTH
patient presents with symptoms of Cushings syndrome . it is found to be down to an ectopic tumour , where is this tumour most likely to be found
a.heart
b.lungs
c.brain
d.kidney
c.liver
d.adrenal gland
b.lungs
patient presents with moon face, fat deposition at the belly and at the dorsocervical pad, thin limbs , striae and muscle weakness which diagnosis most likley
a.cushings
b.addisons
c.conns
a.cushings
at causes cushings
a.decreased glucocorticoids
b.increased glucocorticoids
b.increased glucocorticoids
what are the 3 main components of RAAS
a.renin , angiotensin 2 , aldosterone
b.renin, angiotensin 2 , angiotensin 1
c.renin , angiontensin 1 and aldosterone
a.renin , angiotensin 2 , aldosterone
what is the correct set of effects for aldosterone
a.increased sodium and water absorption, increased potassium and H+ secretion, increased BV and BP
b.decreased sodium and water absorption , increased pottasium and H+ secretion, decreased BV and BP
a.increased sodium and water absorption, increased potassium and H+ secretion, increased BV and BP
aldosterone defficiency leads to..
a.dehydration , plasma depeltion, hypotension , hyperkalaemia,ventricular fibrillation, metabolic acidosis
b.plasma volume increase, hypertension , hypokalaemia, slowed HR, metabolic alkilosis
a.dehydration , plasma depeltion, hypotension , hyperkalaemia,ventricular fibrillation, metabolic acidosis
primary hyperaldosteronism is known as
b.cushings
c. addisons
b.cushings
patient with hypertension, hypokalaemia, hypervolaemia and metabolic alkalosis . Diagnosis is Conns syndrome . what is the cause of the hyperaldosteronism that is inducing these symptoms
a. adrenal adenoma
b.overactivity of raas
c.excess glucocorticoids
a. adrenal adenoma
if this is cause it is known as primary hyperaldosteronism or conns syndrome
patient with hypertension, hypokalaemia, hypervolaemia and metabolic alkalosis . cause found to be overactivity of RAAS which diagnosis most suitable
a. Conns syndrome
b.primary hyperaldosteronism
c.secondary aldosteronism
c.secondary aldosteronism
primary adrenocortical insufficiency is known as
a. addisons
b.cushings
c.conns
a. addisons
destruction of both adrenal cortices occurs in which condition
a. addisons
b.cushings
c.conns
a. addisons
most often due to autoimmunity
lack of glucorticoids due to destruction of adrenal cortex in addisons leads to which set of symtpoms
a.hypoglycaemia, loss of weight , poor excercise tolerance , poor stress tolerance
b.hyponatreamia , hyperkalaemia, acidosis, hypovolaemia , decreased CO , shock and death
a.hypoglycaemia, loss of weight , poor excercise tolerance , poor stress tolerance
lack of mineralocorticoids due to destruction of adrenal cortex in addisons leads to which set of symtpoms
a.hypoglycaemia, loss of weight , poor excercise tolerance , poor stress tolerance
b.hyponatreamia , hyperkalaemia, acidosis, hypovolaemia , decreased CO , shock and death
b.hyponatreamia , hyperkalaemia, acidosis, hypovolaemia , decreased CO , shock and death
a lack of corticoids as a result of pituitary / hypothalamic abnormality resulting in decreased ACH often due to sydden withdrawal of glucocorticoid drugs is known as
a.cushings
b.conns
c.addisons
d. secondary adrenocortical insufficinecy
e.primary hyperaldosteronism
d. secondary adrenocortical insufficinecy
bronze skin, hypoglycaemia, weight loss, GI disturbance and changes in distribution of body hair are associated with which condition
a.cushings
b.conns
c.addisons
d. secondary adrenocortical insufficinecy
e.primary hyperaldosteronism
c.addisons
and hyperpigmentation of palamr creases and buccal membranes
what is the name of the specialised neuron cell bodies that secrete catecholamins eg adrenaline /noradrenaline
a.keipffer
b.chromaffin
c.sympathetic nerve cell
b.chromaffin
type of neuron synapses with a chromaffin cell
a.parasympathetic
b.sympathetic
b.sympathetic
cell releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
what is the funciton of monoamine oxidase
a.metabolism of glucocorticoids
b.metabolism of adrenaline
c.metabolism of catecholamines
d.formation of catecholamines
c.metabolism of catecholamines
what happens to catecholamines in the liver
a.metabolised
b.conjugated
c.formed
b.conjugated
with glucuronide in liver and excreted in urine and bile
noradrenaline has a greater affinity for which receptors
a.alpha
b.beta
a.alpha
adrenaline has a greater affinity for which receptors
a.alpha
b.beta
b.beta
what does activation of a1 do
a.acts via phospholiapse c to increase ip3
b.decreases cAMP production
c.increases cAMP
d.decreases cAMP
a.acts via phospholiapse c to increase ip3
what does activation of a2 do
a.acts via phospholiapse c to increase ip3
b.decreases cAMP production
c.increases cAMP
d.decreases cAMP
b.decreases cAMP production
what does activation of b2 do
a.acts via phospholiapse c to increase ip3
b.decreases cAMP production
c.increases cAMP
c.increases cAMP
what does activation of b1 do
a.acts via phospholiapse c to increase ip3
b.decreases cAMP production
c.increases cAMP
c.increases cAMP
- hypertension
- headache
- sweating
- palpitations
- chest pain
- anxiety
- glucose intolerance
- increased metabolic rate
are signs of a tumour secreting what
a.catecholamines
b.adrenal androgens
c.corticoids
a.catecholamines
