physiology exam 1

Question 1

The force exerted by a fluid against a wall, causes movement of fluid between compartments

Answer 1

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 2

The scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life.

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

The restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable.

Answer 3

Normal range

Question 4

The component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range.

Answer 4

Control center

Question 5

Intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it.

Answer 5

positive feedback

Question 6

value for which a variable operates optimally

Answer 6

set point

Question 7

Study of diseased states of the body (abnormal)

Answer 7

pathophysiology

Question 8

___ in the body detect change and send information

Answer 8

sensors

Question 9

assesses change around a set point

Answer 9

control

Question 10

___ which can make the appropriate adjustments to counter the change from the set point

Answer 10

effector

Question 11

causes deviation from set point

Answer 11

stimulus

Question 12

three types of muscle cells and tissue

Answer 12

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 13

conduct electrical signals (impulses) to other cells

Answer 13

neuron

Question 14

What system has this primary function: regulation of other body systems

Answer 14

nervous

Question 15

What system has this primary function: secretion of regulatory molecules called hormones

Answer 15

endocrine

Question 16

What system has this primary function: movements of the skeleton

Answer 16

muscular

Question 17

What system has this primary function: movement of blood and lymph

Answer 17

circulatory

Question 18

What system has this primary function: defense of the body against invading pathogens

Answer 18

immune

Question 19

What system has this primary function: gas exchange

Answer 19

respiratory

Question 20

What system has this primary function: regulation of blood volume and composition

Answer 20

urinary

Question 21

What system has this primary function: breakdown of food into molecules that enter the body

Answer 21

digestive

Question 22

What system has this primary function: continuation of the human species

Answer 22

reproductive

Question 23

any molecule or ion that is bound to a protein

Answer 23

ligand

Question 24

the region of a protein to which a ligand binds is known as __

Answer 24

active site

Question 25

the presence of multiple ligands able to bind to the same site

Answer 25

competition

Question 26

triggers response, to active or increase an action

Answer 26

agonist

Question 27

a molecule that does not act as the natural ligand would. often occupies the site blocking the natural ligand and its effect

Answer 27

antagonist

Question 28

high specificity

Answer 28

shape fits exactly

Question 29

determines how likely it is that a bound ligand will leave the protein surface and return to its unbound state

Answer 29

affinity

Question 30

the fraction of total active sites that are occupied at any given time

Answer 30

saturation

Question 31

the % saturation depends on:

Answer 31

the concentration ligand & affinity

Question 32

random movement of molecules from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentrations

Answer 32

diffusion

Question 33

some materials are allowed through, others not

Answer 33

semipermeable

Question 34

the net diffusion of water across a membrane, now worry about the solvent and not the solute

Answer 34

osmosis

Question 35

movement of water facilitated by channel proteins called

Answer 35

aquaporins

Question 36

solutions have the same concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as normal plasma

Answer 36

isotonic

Question 37

a solution with a lower solute concentration compared to the plasma or cell

Answer 37

hypotonic

Question 38

solutions have a lower solute concentration, lower osmolality

Answer 38

hypo-osmotic

Question 39

a solution with a greater solute concentration compared to the plasma or cell

Answer 39

hypertonic

Question 40

solutions have a higher concentration than the cell

Answer 40

hyper-osmotic

Question 41

cell to cell signaling

Answer 41

paracrine

Question 42

a chemical signal that travels between nerve cells

Answer 42

synaptic signal

Question 43

hormones regulate via the bloodstream signaling

Answer 43

endocrine

Question 44

What forces help to bind ligands?

Answer 44

-electrical attractions -weaker attractions due to hydrophobic forces between nonpolar regions on the two molecules

Question 45

determines the type of chemical that is bound

Answer 45

active site

Question 46

in order to bind properly, proteins must have the right conformational shape

Answer 46

chemical specificity

Question 47

lowers the AE of the reaction (ultimately increasing the rate of a reaction)

Answer 47

enzymes

Question 48

enzyme itself is ___

Answer 48

unchanged

Question 49

factors that influence the rate of diffusion & how

Answer 49

-concentration gradient ( INCREASE con, INCREASE diffusion) -the mass of the molecules diffusing (heavier molecules DECREASE diffusion) -temperature ( INCREASE temp, INCREASE diffusion) -solvent density (INCREASE density, DECREASE diffusion) -solubility (nonpolar molecules INCREASE diffusion) -surface area (INCREASE SA, INCREASE diffusion) -distance traveled (INCREASE distance, DECREASE diffusion)

Question 50

the ratio of solutes in a solution to a volume of solvent in a solution

Answer 50

osmolality

Question 51

the ratio of solutes to water in blood plasma

Answer 51

plasma osmolality