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PHYSIOLOGY > Exam 4- Renal > Flashcards

Exam 4- Renal Flashcards

1
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

1 million

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2
Q

Gain: sources of H+ finding pH homeostasis (3 ways)

A
  1. generation of H+ from CO2 (resp)
  2. increase of H+ due to loss of HCO3- in diarrhea or other nongastric GI fluids (metabolic)
  3. increase of H+ due to loss of HCO3- in the urine
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3
Q

Loss: sources of H+ finding pH homeostasis (3 ways)

A
  1. loss of H+ in vomitus (metabolic)
  2. loss of H+ in the urine (metabolic)
  3. hyperventilation (resp)
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4
Q

acidosis due to processes other than respiration, low blood pH

A

metabolic acidosis

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5
Q
  • lactic acid build-up due to severe exercise
  • diarrhea (this gets rid of bicarbonates- creating more acidic environment
A

examples of metabolic acidosis

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6
Q

alkalosis due to processes other than respiration, rising blood pH

A

metabolic alkalosis

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7
Q
  • excessive vomiting
  • intake of excess bases- antacids (tums)
A

examples of metabolic alkalosis

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8
Q
  • respiratory rate (HYPO)
  • increase CO2
  • increase H+
  • decrease pH
  • decrease bicarbonate
A

acidosis

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9
Q
  • respiratory rate (HYPER)
  • decrease CO2
  • decrease H+
  • increase pH
  • increase bicarbonate
A

alkalosis

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10
Q

extracellular fluid should be at a pH of

A

7.4

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11
Q

reversibly binding H+

A

buffering

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12
Q

the major extracellular buffer is the ____ system

A

CO2/HCO3-

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13
Q

normal range for pH of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

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14
Q

normal PCO2 is ___ mmHg

A

45 - 35

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15
Q

normal HCO3 is ___ mEq/L

A

21 - 26

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16
Q

function of kidneys: regulate

A

water (volume of blood/ dehydration), pH of extracellular fluid (blood plasma & interstitial fluid), inorganic ions

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17
Q

functions of kidneys: remove

A

wastes and foreign chemicals from blood to excrete as urine

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18
Q

functions of kidneys: produce

A
  • erythropoietin (hormone)
  • renin (enzyme)
  • 1,25- dihydroxy vitamin D (hormone- calcium balance)
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19
Q
  • glomerular
  • peritubular
A

2 sets of capillaries

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20
Q

two sets of capillaries:

_____: filtration

A

glomerular

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21
Q

two sets of capillaries:

____: reabsorption of filtrate to blood supply

A

peritubular

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22
Q
  • afferent
  • efferent
A

two sets of arterioles

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23
Q

where blood flows into glomerular capillaries

A

afferent

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24
Q

where blood leaves the glomerulus

A

efferent

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25
Q

part of the renal tubule that lies close to the glomerulu

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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26
Q

part of the renal tubule that loops into the renal medulla

A

Loop of Henle

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27
Q

part of the renal tubule that is the most distant from the glomerulus

A

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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28
Q

receives filtrate from several nephrons

A

Collecting duct

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29
Q

fluid entering the glomerular capsule

A

Filtrate

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30
Q

​​functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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31
Q

transport urine from kidneys to bladder (peristalsis of smooth muscle help move urine)

A

ureters

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32
Q

store urine until voided from body

A

bladder

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33
Q

carry urine from bladder to the outside of the body

A

urethra

34
Q

somatic motor neurons stimulate external urethral sphincter

A

Guarding reflex

35
Q

somatic motor neurons inhibit external urethral sphincter

A

Voiding reflex

36
Q

compound that increases urine output, leading to decreased water conservation

A

Diuretic

37
Q

the bladder stores urine until it is excreted from the body by the ___

A

micturition reflex

38
Q

Micturition is initiated by a _______ which causes the smooth muscle of the bladder walls (detrusor muscle) to contract and expel the urine

A

nervous reflex

39
Q

Detrusor (smooth muscle):
- type: during filling
- parasympathetic (causes contraction): inhibited

internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle):
- sympathetic (causes contraction): stimulated

external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle):
- somatic motor (causes contraction): stimulated

A

gaurding reflex

40
Q

Detrusor (smooth muscle):
- type: during micturition
- parasympathetic (causes contraction): stimulated

Internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle):
- sympathetic (causes contraction): inhibited

External urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle):
- somatic motor (causes contraction): inhibited

A

voiding reflex

41
Q

capillary to lumen
- A substance may enter tubules through glomerular filtration

A

secretion

42
Q

passing of substances from the lumen (tubules) to the capillary
- substances may leave the tubule through this

A

reabsorption

43
Q

waste (urine) on its way out of the body

A

excretion

44
Q

reabsorption and secretion require a substance to move across a layer of ___

A

epithelial cells

45
Q

reabsorption occurs constantly in ____ and ____ and is not subject to hormonal control

A

proximal and loop of henle tubules

46
Q

___ and ___ tubules are subject to control reabsorption

A

distal and collecting tubules

47
Q

products of reabsorbed at high rates:

A
  • glucose + most organic nutrients
  • water and many ions (Na+, K+)
48
Q

for products like these, the kidneys just help in maintaining plasma levels of the nutrients

A

glucose + most organic nutrients

49
Q
  • kidneys can aid in regulating these
  • ex: water intake decreases, kidneys water reabsorption increases
A

water and many ions (Na+, K+)

50
Q

most reabsorption occurs in ____ 65%

A

proximal tubule

51
Q
  • active process
  • occurs in all tubular segments except the descending limb
A

sodium reabsorption

52
Q
  • osmosis
  • dependent upon sodium reabsorption
A

water reabsorption

53
Q

Na+ and Cl- combine to form NaCl in the interstitial fluid which will drive the reabsorption of _____

A

water

54
Q

Throughout tubule, Na+ is reabsorbed by _____
-Na-K+ ATPase pump

A

primary active transport

55
Q

water follows ions as they move

A

passive process

56
Q

coupling of water reabsorption to sodium reabsorption: what does this mean

A
  • Na+ moves first
  • interstitial increases in osmolality
  • H2O moves to create an equilibrium
57
Q

The descending loop of Henle is relatively _____to solutes and freely permeable to water

A

impermeable

58
Q

the ascending limb is ___ to solutes, but not water

A

permeable

59
Q

water is drawn out by osmosis due to the interstitial fluid is HYPERTONIC (water will move to the higher conc. of solutes)

A

descending loop

60
Q
  • Na+ move from the thick portion to the epithelial cells via electrochemical gradient, this drives the secondary active transport of Cl- and K+.
  • K+ diffuses back into filtrate, Na is pumped into interstitial fluid, Cl- passively follows
A

ascending loop

61
Q

-Due to close location and each loops affect on the surrounding interstitial fluid between the loops, a _____ is generated

A

positive feedback system

62
Q

-end of the positive feedback
-determined by the active transport pumps

A

max concentration

63
Q

countercurrent multiplier system sets up a _____ water reabsorption (into blood)

A

concentration favoring

64
Q

Must ingest these substances to replace loss-kidneys will minimize excretion until you do so

A

Na+ and H2O

65
Q

major nitrogenous waste product
-helps set up solute concentration gradients

A

urea

66
Q

_____is triggered by increase in plasma osmolality and decrease in ECF
-stimulate vasopressing

A

thirst

67
Q

_________= more aquaporings=more water retained=less water secreted

A

more vasopressin

68
Q

location for highest water permeability (ie highest # of aquaporins)

A

proximal tubule

69
Q

Permeability varies depending on location in tubule and presence of

A

aquaporins

70
Q

large amounts of water in urine due to low vasopressin

A

water diuresis

71
Q

vasopressin stimulates presence of ____ in the ___, without it permeability is low

A

Aquaporins; collecting ducts

72
Q

after vasopressin locks in, ________ activates enzyme that causes proteins to increase rate of fusion of vesicles to membrane

A

secondary messenger

73
Q

Na+ reabsorption is regulated by _____ once in the distal tubule

A

aldosterone

74
Q

hormone stimulates _____ in distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting ducts

A

Na+/K+ pumps

75
Q

What ion is most abundant in cells?

A

K+

76
Q

Where is K+ filtered?

A

glomerulus

77
Q

Most reabsorption of K+ occurs where?

A

proximal and loop of henle

78
Q

secretion of urea by facilitated diffusion

A

ascending limb

79
Q

almost all urea filtered originally is present
-reabsorption happens again
-much of which is secretive back into ascending limb

A

distal tubule

80
Q

what is secreted into the renal tubules?

A

H+, K+, organic anions move from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen

81
Q

Tubular secretion is an important mechanism for:

  1. ___
  2. ____
  3. disposing of drugs and drug metabolites
A
  1. excess K+
  2. controlling blood pH (H+, HCO3-)
82
Q

something from the renal tubules to the bloodstream

A

reabsorption

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

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