Exam 4- Digestive

Question 1

mouth to anus

Answer 1

GI tract

Question 2

• liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas

Answer 2

accessory digestive organs

Question 3

Process ingested foods into molecular forms and transfer, with water and salts, to circulatory system (digest and absorb)

Answer 3

function of digestive system

Question 4

Voluntary control of jaw muscles in addition to rhythmic chewing motions caused by the pressure of food against the gums, hard palate and roof of mouth

Answer 4

chewing

Question 5

chewing involves skeletal and smooth muscles and ___

Answer 5

neural activity

Question 6

pressure receptors stimulates by food or drink on the pharynx send ___ impulses to ____

Answer 6

afferent; medulla oblongata

Question 7

____ fibers tell muscles of the pharynx and esophagus to swallow

Answer 7

efferent

Question 8

epiglottis covers glottis to prevents

Answer 8

aspiration

Question 9

contraction of the muscles surrounding a tube

Answer 9

peristaltic waves
(1st movement in esophagus)

Question 10

Store, dissolve and partially digest macromolecules in food, regulate rates entering small intestine.
-Acidity in _____ kills bacteria entering with food

Answer 10

stomach

Question 11

food is reduced to a solution called

Answer 11

chyme

Question 12

rhythmic peristalsis in the stomach are timed by ____ in the smooth muscle

Answer 12

pacemaker cells

Question 13

-Cells secrete 2 L of HCl per day
-CO2 reacting with H20 produce carbonic acid which dissociate to H+ and HCO3-
-H+ gets pumped into stomach as well as Cl-

Answer 13

stomach HCl

Question 14

gastrin in a _____

Answer 14

hormone

Question 15

• serves as a secretory organ
• secretes bile
• processes and stores nutrients
• serves as a filter and functions in the removal of old red blood cells

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

main bile pigment, which is responsible for the brown color of feces

Answer 16

bilirubin

Question 17

• most important digestive component
• combines with lecithin to help solubilize fat in the small intestine

Answer 17

bile salts

Question 18

___is a specialized vasculature that delivers absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing before they enter the general systemic circulation.

Answer 18

hepatic portal system

Question 19

Nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine and are carried via capillaries to the ______

Answer 19

hepatic portal vein

Question 20

____rid the body of substances by secretion into bile canaliculi and then the common bile duct

Answer 20

Hepatocytes

Question 21

stores and concentrates bile

Answer 21

gallbladder

Question 22

Bile enters from the liver, exits to the duodenum via the _____

Answer 22

common bile duct

Question 23

• produces “pancreatic juice.”
• This is rich in bicarbonate as well as digesting enzymes

Answer 23

pancreas

Question 24

____ functions to neutralize acid entering duodenum from stomach

Answer 24

bicarbonate (HCO3-)
- in the pancreas

Question 25

___ and ___ join the common bile duct from the liver before entering the duodenum

Answer 25

bile duct; pancreatic duct

Question 26

breakdown fats - smallest form: fatty acids

Answer 26

lipase

Question 27

breakdown carbs - smallest form: monosaccrides

Answer 27

amylase

Question 28

breakdown proteins - smallest form: amino acids

Answer 28

trypsin & chymotrypsin

Question 29

Sections rhythmically contract and mix chyme up and down

Answer 29

segmentation (in small intestine)

Question 30

Most material is digested and absorbed here due to the high absorptive surface area present

Answer 30

small intestine

Question 31

- rhythm is set by ____ - AP trigger muscle contraction waves - rhythm varies along with the intestine, with lower frequencies as you progress to the large intestin

Answer 31

pacemaker cells (small intestine)

Question 32

Break down food into monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids and nucleotides (the smallest molecules)

Answer 32

enzymes

Question 33

- After a meal is mostly absorbed,_____ replaces segmentation - moves undigested material into the large intestine

Answer 33

migrating myoelectrical complex (MMC)

Question 34

- Primarily stores feces - Small amount of fluid absorption - Reabsorption Of Na+ and secretion of K+ (Na+-K+ ATPase) - houses gut microflora - even slower movement

Answer 34

large intestine

Question 35

Convert indigestible polysaccharides (cellulose) into short-chain fatty acids for absorption

Answer 35

microflora

Question 36

Movement of fecal material initiates the ______ -similar to when you have to urinate-it's a reflex

Answer 36

defecation reflex

Question 37

smooth muscles contract by ___

Answer 37

segmentation slowly

Question 38

under skeletal muscle control and hold it until you reach the spot where you've been trained to 'go'.

Answer 38

external sphincter

Question 39

receptors in brain are stimulated by sight/smell/taste

Answer 39

cephalic

Question 40

distension, acidity, amino acids and peptides stimuli in stomach

Answer 40

gastric

Question 41

phospholipids and bile salts

Answer 41

emulsifying agents

Question 42

formed from bile salts and other products to further increase absorption by regulating the process of keeping insoluble products small and replenishing products for free diffusion

Answer 42

micelles

Question 43

bile salts help with ___

Answer 43

emulsification

Question 44

passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals

Answer 44

Absorption

Question 45

movement of food through the GI tract

Answer 45

Motility

Question 46

muscular contractions and relaxations that propel food through the GI tract

Answer 46

Peristalsis

Question 47

transport H+ against concentration gradient into the stomach while transport K+ in opposite direction

Answer 47

H/K ATPase pump

Question 48

alternating contractions and relaxations of non-adjacent segments of the intestine that move food forward and backward, breaking it apart and mixing it with digestive secretions

Answer 48

Segmentation

Question 49

If the salivary glands were unable to secret amylase, what effect would this have on starch digestion?

Answer 49

Digestion will solely occur in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase

Question 50

Bile is ejected from the gallbladder through the cystic duct into the ____ emptying into the ____.

Answer 50

Common bile duct; duodenum

Question 51

ADH stimulates the insertion of _______ into the plasma membrane of the cells of the collecting duct. ADH is secreted by the ________ in response to dehydration.

Answer 51

Aquaporins; posterior pituitary

Question 52

When contents arrive in the rectum, _______ signal the body it's time to expel waste.

Answer 52

nerve