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PHYSIOLOGY > Lecture Exam 2- Ch.6 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2- Ch.6 Flashcards

1
Q

specialized cells that generate graded potentials called receptor potentials in response to a stimulus

A

sensory receptors

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2
Q
  • Have an end to receive sensory stimuli and produce the nerve impulse and the other delivers impulse to synapse in the CNS
  • Cell body is located in the middle
A

sensory neurons

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3
Q

energy or chemical activating a sensory receptor

A

stimulus

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4
Q

major categories of sensory receptors based on stimuli they respond to

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • nociceptors
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5
Q

mechanical deformation

A

Mechanoreceptors

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6
Q

heat/cold

A

Thermoreceptors

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7
Q

light

A

Photoreceptors

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8
Q

chemical composition

A

Chemoreceptors

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9
Q

pain

A

Nociceptors

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10
Q

neural pathways in sensory system

A
  • eyes: visual cortex
  • ears: auditory cortex
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11
Q

complex integration occurs at

A

cortical association areas

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12
Q

where perception & awareness occurs along with emotional or varying factors that will affect perception

A

cortical association areas

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13
Q
  • receptor adaption & afferent processing
  • Emotions & experiences
  • Damaged neural pathways (phantom limbs)
  • Drugs: hallucinogens
  • Mental illness
A

factors that affect perception

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14
Q

touch, temperature, pain

A

cutaneous

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15
Q

mechanoreceptors in skin responds to

A

touch and pressure

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16
Q

respond quickly but just as quickly adapt to stimulus

A

phasic receptors

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17
Q

maintain response to stimulus

A

tonic receptors

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18
Q

around hair follicles; throughout skin

A

free nerve endings

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19
Q

base of epidermis (stratum basale)

A

merkel’s dics

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20
Q

deep in dermis and hypodermis

A

ruffini corpuscles (endings)

21
Q

upper dermis (papillary layer)

A

meissner’s corpuscles

22
Q

deep in dermis

A

pacinian corpuscles

23
Q

coding potentials

A

stimulus strength & adaptation

24
Q

increasing the frequency of AP

A

stimulus strength

25
Q

a decrease in receptor sensitivity

A

adaptation

26
Q

receptor potential: phasic receptor

A
  • fast adapting
  • ex: vision
27
Q

receptor potential: tonic receptor

A
  • slow adapting
  • ex: pain
28
Q

Respond to intense mechanical deformation, extreme temps & chemicals

A

nociceptors

29
Q

Painful heat or painful cold stimulates a whole different set of channels to open in the membrane called:

A

transient receptor potential channels

30
Q
  • respond to thermal cues, some chemicals can open channels as well
  • more receptors for cold (located close to surface) than warm
A

thermoreceptors

31
Q
  • After initial AP: changes can occur that may increase or decrease sensitivity to pain
  • Pain can last after original stimulus is gone
  • Pain can be altered by past experiences, emotions and simultaneous activation of other sense (ex: phantom limb)
  • Pain reduction depends mainly on endogenous opioids
A

How is pain different from other sensory information

32
Q

receptors for general senses all over the body (touch, texture, pain, pressure)

A

somatic senses

33
Q

the shape of the lens, and thus the degree of refraction is controlled by

A

muscles

34
Q

adjustments or accommodations to distance of objects occur as __ changes shape

A

lens

35
Q

responds to low levels of light

A

rods

36
Q

respond to bright light signals
- red, blue, green

A

cones

37
Q

photoreceptor cells- in the retina contain _____ arranged for effective light trap

A

photopigments

38
Q

in the eye what are you working with? (sensory neuron)

A

photoreceptors

39
Q

in the eye where do AP start

A

ganglion cells

40
Q

the first cells in the pathway where action potentials can be initiated

A

ganglion cells

41
Q

neurotransmitter released in the retina

A

glutamate

42
Q

photoreceptor and bipolar cells only undergo ____

A

graded potentials (lack the voltage gated channels that mediate AP)

43
Q
  • Optic nerve (cranial 2) from each eye meet at the optic chiasm, project to many areas mainly the thalamus
  • Other inputs come from brainstem & visual cortex
  • Route: brainstem → thalamus →visual cortex (or hypothalamus)
  • Information is coded in spatial and temporal electrical activity- we perceive it as visual image consisting of lines, colors, contrast and movement
A

neural pathways- in the brain

44
Q

air molecules push against it at the same frequency as sound wave

A

tympanic membrane

45
Q

pressures and movement of the membrane indicate

A

pitch and volume

46
Q
  • Glutamate (neurotransmitter) binds and causes action potential in neurons making up the vestibulocochlear nerve
  • Bursts of neurotransmitters are then released onto afferent neurons
  • K+ channels open, Ca 2+ open
  • receptor cells called hair cells (mechanoreceptors)
  • the hairs on the cell called stereocilia are bent back and forth as sound waves vibrate
A

organ of corti- receptor cells

47
Q
  • Cochlear nerve fibers synapse with interneurons in the brainstem
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve → brainstem (medulla oblongata) → thalamus → auditory cortex
A

neural pathways in hearing

48
Q

receptor organ for hearing, located in the cochlea
- strip of sensory epithelium made of hair cells which act as the sensory receptors of the inner ear

A

organ of corti

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

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