Lecture Exam 2- Ch.6

Question 1

specialized cells that generate graded potentials called receptor potentials in response to a stimulus

Answer 1

sensory receptors

Question 2

• Have an end to receive sensory stimuli and produce the nerve impulse and the other delivers impulse to synapse in the CNS
• Cell body is located in the middle

Answer 2

sensory neurons

Question 3

energy or chemical activating a sensory receptor

Answer 3

stimulus

Question 4

major categories of sensory receptors based on stimuli they respond to

Answer 4

• mechanoreceptors
• thermoreceptors
• photoreceptors
• chemoreceptors
• nociceptors

Question 5

mechanical deformation

Answer 5

Mechanoreceptors

Question 6

heat/cold

Answer 6

Thermoreceptors

Question 7

light

Answer 7

Photoreceptors

Question 8

chemical composition

Answer 8

Chemoreceptors

Question 9

pain

Answer 9

Nociceptors

Question 10

neural pathways in sensory system

Answer 10

• eyes: visual cortex
• ears: auditory cortex

Question 11

complex integration occurs at

Answer 11

cortical association areas

Question 12

where perception & awareness occurs along with emotional or varying factors that will affect perception

Answer 12

cortical association areas

Question 13

• receptor adaption & afferent processing
• Emotions & experiences
• Damaged neural pathways (phantom limbs)
• Drugs: hallucinogens
• Mental illness

Answer 13

factors that affect perception

Question 14

touch, temperature, pain

Answer 14

cutaneous

Question 15

mechanoreceptors in skin responds to

Answer 15

touch and pressure

Question 16

respond quickly but just as quickly adapt to stimulus

Answer 16

phasic receptors

Question 17

maintain response to stimulus

Answer 17

tonic receptors

Question 18

around hair follicles; throughout skin

Answer 18

free nerve endings

Question 19

base of epidermis (stratum basale)

Answer 19

merkel’s dics

Question 20

deep in dermis and hypodermis

Answer 20

ruffini corpuscles (endings)

Question 21

upper dermis (papillary layer)

Answer 21

meissner’s corpuscles

Question 22

deep in dermis

Answer 22

pacinian corpuscles

Question 23

coding potentials

Answer 23

stimulus strength & adaptation

Question 24

increasing the frequency of AP

Answer 24

stimulus strength

Question 25

a decrease in receptor sensitivity

Answer 25

adaptation

Question 26

receptor potential: phasic receptor

Answer 26

- fast adapting - ex: vision

Question 27

receptor potential: tonic receptor

Answer 27

- slow adapting - ex: pain

Question 28

Respond to intense mechanical deformation, extreme temps & chemicals

Answer 28

nociceptors

Question 29

Painful heat or painful cold stimulates a whole different set of channels to open in the membrane called:

Answer 29

transient receptor potential channels

Question 30

- respond to thermal cues, some chemicals can open channels as well - more receptors for cold (located close to surface) than warm

Answer 30

thermoreceptors

Question 31

- After initial AP: changes can occur that may increase or decrease sensitivity to pain - Pain can last after original stimulus is gone - Pain can be altered by past experiences, emotions and simultaneous activation of other sense (ex: phantom limb) - Pain reduction depends mainly on endogenous opioids

Answer 31

How is pain different from other sensory information

Question 32

receptors for general senses all over the body (touch, texture, pain, pressure)

Answer 32

somatic senses

Question 33

the shape of the lens, and thus the degree of refraction is controlled by

Answer 33

muscles

Question 34

adjustments or accommodations to distance of objects occur as __ changes shape

Answer 34

lens

Question 35

responds to low levels of light

Answer 35

rods

Question 36

respond to bright light signals - red, blue, green

Answer 36

cones

Question 37

photoreceptor cells- in the retina contain _____ arranged for effective light trap

Answer 37

photopigments

Question 38

in the eye what are you working with? (sensory neuron)

Answer 38

photoreceptors

Question 39

in the eye where do AP start

Answer 39

ganglion cells

Question 40

the first cells in the pathway where action potentials can be initiated

Answer 40

ganglion cells

Question 41

neurotransmitter released in the retina

Answer 41

glutamate

Question 42

photoreceptor and bipolar cells only undergo ____

Answer 42

graded potentials (lack the voltage gated channels that mediate AP)

Question 43

- Optic nerve (cranial 2) from each eye meet at the optic chiasm, project to many areas mainly the thalamus - Other inputs come from brainstem & visual cortex - Route: brainstem → thalamus →visual cortex (or hypothalamus) - Information is coded in spatial and temporal electrical activity- we perceive it as visual image consisting of lines, colors, contrast and movement

Answer 43

neural pathways- in the brain

Question 44

air molecules push against it at the same frequency as sound wave

Answer 44

tympanic membrane

Question 45

pressures and movement of the membrane indicate

Answer 45

pitch and volume

Question 46

- Glutamate (neurotransmitter) binds and causes action potential in neurons making up the vestibulocochlear nerve - Bursts of neurotransmitters are then released onto afferent neurons - K+ channels open, Ca 2+ open - receptor cells called hair cells (mechanoreceptors) - the hairs on the cell called stereocilia are bent back and forth as sound waves vibrate

Answer 46

organ of corti- receptor cells

Question 47

- Cochlear nerve fibers synapse with interneurons in the brainstem - Vestibulocochlear nerve → brainstem (medulla oblongata) → thalamus → auditory cortex

Answer 47

neural pathways in hearing

Question 48

receptor organ for hearing, located in the cochlea - strip of sensory epithelium made of hair cells which act as the sensory receptors of the inner ear

Answer 48

organ of corti