Exam 3- Cardio Flashcards
1
Q
3 main functions of cardiovascular system
A
- transportation
- regulation
- protection
2
Q
Transportation
A
O2/CO2, products of digestion, wastes
3
Q
Regulation
A
Hormones, temperature (cycling blood through deep to surface vessels)
4
Q
protection
A
clotting, immune
5
Q
cardiac muscle
A
myocardial cells
6
Q
pacemaker
A
node cells
7
Q
- Myocardial cells (cardiac muscle), Node (pacemaker) cells, erythrocytes, endothelial cells
A
cells
8
Q
systemic circulation
A
arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.
9
Q
pulmonary circulation
A
carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
10
Q
veins ___; arteries ___
A
in; away
11
Q
Whats labeled A
A
superior vena cava
12
Q
Whats labeled B
A
right pulmonary veins
13
Q
Whats labeled C
A
pulmonary semilunar valve
14
Q
Whats labeled D
A
right atrium
15
Q
Whats labeled E
A
tricuspid valve
16
Q
Whats labeled F
A
right ventricle
17
Q
Whats labeled G
A
inferior vena cava
18
Q
Whats labeled H
A
aorta
19
Q
Whats labeled I
A
left pulmonary arteries
20
Q
Whats labeled J
A
left atrium
21
Q
Whats labeled K
A
aortic semilunar valve
22
Q
Whats labeled L
A
mitral valve / bicuspid valve
23
Q
Whats labeled M
A
left ventricle
24
Q
permits blood flow from atrium to ventricles but not backward. Results from pressure differences
A
Atrioventricular valve
25
Atria empty into ventricles on their respective sides-right and left.
- AV valve
- pulmonary valve
- aortic valve
valves
26
Right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary valve
27
left ventricle to aorta
Aortic valve
28
protective sacs
epicardium and pericardium
29
thickest layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle cells built upon a framework of primarily collagenous fibers and blood vessels that supply it and the nervous fibers that help to regulate it (the left side is thicker)
myocardium
30
special cells are in electrical contact with cardiac muscle cells via gap junctions. This system initiates heartbeat and helps spread action potential
conducting system (electrical activity)
31
discharge rate of the SA node determines ____
heart rate
32
AV node & Bundle of His: separates _____ and ____ contractions
atrial and ventricular
33
- A long _______ prevents summation and tetanus
- Allows the heart to refill w/ blood
- Almost as long as contraction itself preventing re-excitation during contraction
refractory period of the heart
34
Electrical signals resulting from Cardiac APs can be measured from the fluid around the heart by placing electrodes on the body to pick up movement of ions
Electrocardiogram
35
The electrocardiogram:
p = ??
atrial depolarization
36
The electrocardiogram:
QRS = ??
ventricular depolarization
(path of depolarization differs and currents in the fluid change direction accordingly)
37
The electrocardiogram:
T = ??
ventricular repolarization
38
- ________ typically doesn't register (Happens at the same time as QRS)
- The waves recorded on the ECG may vary depending on the placement of the electrodes
Atrial repolarization
39
diastole is the ___ phase of the ventricles where blood refills the ventricles
relaxation phase
40
systole is the ___ phase of the ventricles where blood is ejected from the heart
contraction
41
all the events involved with the flow of blood through the heart during one heart beat
- average 72 beats/min
contraction: cardiac cycle
42
carries blood cells, proteins, nutrients, metabolic wastes, and other molecules being transported around the body.
blood plasma function
43
the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute
cardiac output
44
volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole or with each beat of the heart
Stoke volume (SV)
45
number of beats per minutes
Heart rate (HR)
46
CO = ??
HR x SV
47
SV = ??
End diastole volume - End systole volume
(EDV - ESV)
48
volume of blood in ventricles just before contraction (EDV)- end of diastole
preload
49
the volume remaining in ventricle after ejection (ESV)
afterload
50
average SV values for adults at rest
70-80 ml stroke volume
51
- _______ says that the critical factor controlling stroke volume is preload
- Preload(EDV) is the degree to which the cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract
- Increase in venous return (blood going from veins into heart) forces an increase in CO by increasing EDV which increased SV
Starlings Law of the Heart (Frank-Starling)
52
the most important factor in causing stretch is the ______ in the ventricles
amount of blood
53
greater stretch means a more ______
forceful contraction (contractility)
54
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland if fluid is lost
plasma volume
55
- function: oxygen transport
- dead cells destroyed by spleen and liver
- contains lots of hemoglobin (a protein that binds O2 to iron on it)
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
56
Blood cells: erythrocytes
1 contains 280 million hemoglobin approx. ; a hemoglobin has ____ groups (O2 to iron)
4 heme
57
found on the surface of cells to help immune system recognize self cells
antigens
58
secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells
antibodies
59
Transfusion reaction: If a person receives the wrong blood type, antibodies bind to antigens on erythrocytes and cause____ (clumping).
agglutination reaction
60
cessation (stop) of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged
hemostasis
61
- Immediate inherent response to constrict vessels which presses opposed endothelial surfaces together in the smallest vessels
- Ultimate stopping of the bleed depends on formation of platelet plug and clotting
what happens when there is an injury to a blood vessel
62
_______ forms at the site of damage to the vessel by adhering to the surface of exposed collagen fibers (connective tissue)
the platelet plug (formation)
63
protein that holds the binding in place (collagen to damaged vessel)
- platelets are triggered to release contents (ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2). these contents are what allow platelet activation and aggregation to occur and create the platelet plug
von willebrand factor
64
- Undamaged adjacent cells release prostacyclin & nitric oxide to inhibit platelet aggregation and prevent the continued spread of the plug
- The plug results in a decreased blood loss (maintains BP).
- The plug formation is necessary for production of a blood clot.
formation of a platelet plug
65
prostacyclin and nitric oxide
preventing spread of plug
66
1. injury
2. vascular spasm
3. platelet plug formation
4. coagulation
general steps of clotting
67
fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, which forms a mesh that traps more platelets and erythrocytes, producing a clot
coagulation
68
the smooth muscle in the vessel wall contracts near the injury point, reducing blood loss
vascular spasm
69
- going from a liquid to a solid gel (due to proteins: fibrinogen to fibrin)
- Dominant hemostatic defense mechanism
clotting or coagulation
70
function of the formation of a blood clot
support the platelet plug
71
essential component of the clot: ___
fibrin-protein making a meshwork
72
platelet plug is an example of what feedback
postive
73
Branching in the system ensures all cells are close to capillaries. Nutrients and metabolic end products need to move between the blood in the capillaries to the cells. (through diffusion)
vessels in circulatory system
74
supply nutrients and hormones
main function of the vessels
75
The Endothelium lines vessels and help regulate movement across vessels
- Arteries: Arterioles & Capillaries
-Veins: Venules
the vascular system
76
act as a pressure reservoir that maintains blood flow through tissues
arteries
77
very small artery that leads to a capillary
- Smooth muscle of the vessel is innervated by sympathetic neurons
- Impact blood pressure by offering the most resistance to flow of blood.
arterioles
78
Houses the most of the total blood volume
- Lower pressure compared to arterial
- Systemic circulation
veins
79
pressure difference between peripheral veins and right atrium forces venous return
Systemic circulation (veins)
80
difference from arterioles is that ____ of veins causes a reduction in ___
constriction; forward flow
81
do arteries have valves
no
82
do veins have valves
present most commonly in limbs and in veins inferior to the heart
83
Performing the ultimate function of the entire system: exchange of nutrients, metabolic end products and cell secretions
- no smooth muscle
the capillary network
84
thin tube of endothelial cells allowing for ____
rapid exchange of substances (capillary network)
85
diffusion distances are ___ from capillary to other cells
small
86
Capillary blood flow:
___ decreases as blood flows from the larger aorta to smaller arteries and arterioles and then to capillaries
Velocity
87
Capillary blood flow:
The reduced velocity allows the time for products in the blood to be exchanged from the _________
blood plasma to the interstitial fluid
88
At the beginning of systole all valves are closed so no blood is ejected, atria is relaxed & ventricles contract
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
89
at the beginning of diastole all valves closed, rapid filling, no movement of blood, both atria and ventricles relaxed
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation:
90
clumping of cells as a result of chemical interactions between surface antigens and antibodies
Agglutinate
91
smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded by interstitial fluid
Capillary
92
initial phase of the ventricular diastole when pressure in the ventricles drops below pressure in the two major arteries, the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, and blood attempts to flow back into the ventricles, producing the dicrotic notch of the ECG and closing the two semilunar valves
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
93
below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent)
hypoxemia
94
universal recipient
individual with type AB+ blood
95
describes the relationship between EDV and stroke volume. A great amount of blood prior to contraction results in a greater stretch of the myocardium
Frank-Starling law of the heart
96
receptors for arterial blood pressure located in the aortic arch and the carotid sinuses
Baroreceptors
97
turbulent flow of blood through the constricted artery creating sounds
Sounds of Korotkoff
98
innermost layer of the heart lining the heart chambers and heart valves; composed of endothelium reinforced with a thin layer of connective tissue that binds to the myocardium
Endocardium
99
innermost layer of the serous pericardium and the outermost layer of the heart wall
Epicardium
100
red, iron-containing pigment to which oxygen binds in hemoglobin
heme
101
abnormally high levels of fluid and blood within the body
hypervolemia
102
lack of oxygen supply to the tissues
hypoxia
103
blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of the antigen Rh on the erythrocyte membrane surface
Rh blood group
104
pathological enlargement of the heart, generally for no known reason
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
105
genetic disorder characterized by inadequate synthesis of clotting factors
hemophilia
