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PHYSIOLOGY > Exam 3- Cardio > Flashcards

Exam 3- Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

3 main functions of cardiovascular system

A
  • transportation
  • regulation
  • protection
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2
Q

Transportation

A

O2/CO2, products of digestion, wastes

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3
Q

Regulation

A

Hormones, temperature (cycling blood through deep to surface vessels)

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4
Q

protection

A

clotting, immune

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5
Q

cardiac muscle

A

myocardial cells

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6
Q

pacemaker

A

node cells

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7
Q
  • Myocardial cells (cardiac muscle), Node (pacemaker) cells, erythrocytes, endothelial cells
A

cells

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8
Q

systemic circulation

A

arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.

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9
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

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10
Q

veins ___; arteries ___

A

in; away

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11
Q

Whats labeled A

A

superior vena cava

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12
Q

Whats labeled B

A

right pulmonary veins

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13
Q

Whats labeled C

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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14
Q

Whats labeled D

A

right atrium

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15
Q

Whats labeled E

A

tricuspid valve

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16
Q

Whats labeled F

A

right ventricle

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17
Q

Whats labeled G

A

inferior vena cava

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18
Q

Whats labeled H

A

aorta

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19
Q

Whats labeled I

A

left pulmonary arteries

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20
Q

Whats labeled J

A

left atrium

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21
Q

Whats labeled K

A

aortic semilunar valve

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22
Q

Whats labeled L

A

mitral valve / bicuspid valve

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23
Q

Whats labeled M

A

left ventricle

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24
Q

permits blood flow from atrium to ventricles but not backward. Results from pressure differences

A

Atrioventricular valve

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25
Q

Atria empty into ventricles on their respective sides-right and left.
- AV valve
- pulmonary valve
- aortic valve

A

valves

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26
Q

Right ventricle to pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary valve

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27
Q

left ventricle to aorta

A

Aortic valve

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28
Q

protective sacs

A

epicardium and pericardium

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29
Q

thickest layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle cells built upon a framework of primarily collagenous fibers and blood vessels that supply it and the nervous fibers that help to regulate it (the left side is thicker)

A

myocardium

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30
Q

special cells are in electrical contact with cardiac muscle cells via gap junctions. This system initiates heartbeat and helps spread action potential

A

conducting system (electrical activity)

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31
Q

discharge rate of the SA node determines ____

A

heart rate

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32
Q

AV node & Bundle of His: separates _____ and ____ contractions

A

atrial and ventricular

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33
Q
  • A long _______ prevents summation and tetanus
  • Allows the heart to refill w/ blood
  • Almost as long as contraction itself preventing re-excitation during contraction
A

refractory period of the heart

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34
Q

Electrical signals resulting from Cardiac APs can be measured from the fluid around the heart by placing electrodes on the body to pick up movement of ions

A

Electrocardiogram

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35
Q

The electrocardiogram:
p = ??

A

atrial depolarization

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36
Q

The electrocardiogram:
QRS = ??

A

ventricular depolarization
(path of depolarization differs and currents in the fluid change direction accordingly)

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37
Q

The electrocardiogram:
T = ??

A

ventricular repolarization

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38
Q
  • ________ typically doesn’t register (Happens at the same time as QRS)
  • The waves recorded on the ECG may vary depending on the placement of the electrodes
A

Atrial repolarization

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39
Q

diastole is the ___ phase of the ventricles where blood refills the ventricles

A

relaxation phase

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40
Q

systole is the ___ phase of the ventricles where blood is ejected from the heart

A

contraction

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41
Q

all the events involved with the flow of blood through the heart during one heart beat
- average 72 beats/min

A

contraction: cardiac cycle

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42
Q

carries blood cells, proteins, nutrients, metabolic wastes, and other molecules being transported around the body.

A

blood plasma function

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43
Q

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

A

cardiac output

44
Q

volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole or with each beat of the heart

A

Stoke volume (SV)

45
Q

number of beats per minutes

A

Heart rate (HR)

46
Q

CO = ??

A

HR x SV

47
Q

SV = ??

A

End diastole volume - End systole volume
(EDV - ESV)

48
Q

volume of blood in ventricles just before contraction (EDV)- end of diastole

A

preload

49
Q

the volume remaining in ventricle after ejection (ESV)

A

afterload

50
Q

average SV values for adults at rest

A

70-80 ml stroke volume

51
Q
  • _______ says that the critical factor controlling stroke volume is preload
  • Preload(EDV) is the degree to which the cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract
  • Increase in venous return (blood going from veins into heart) forces an increase in CO by increasing EDV which increased SV
A

Starlings Law of the Heart (Frank-Starling)

52
Q

the most important factor in causing stretch is the ______ in the ventricles

A

amount of blood

53
Q

greater stretch means a more ______

A

forceful contraction (contractility)

54
Q

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland if fluid is lost

A

plasma volume

55
Q
  • function: oxygen transport
  • dead cells destroyed by spleen and liver
  • contains lots of hemoglobin (a protein that binds O2 to iron on it)
A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

56
Q

Blood cells: erythrocytes
1 contains 280 million hemoglobin approx. ; a hemoglobin has ____ groups (O2 to iron)

A

4 heme

57
Q

found on the surface of cells to help immune system recognize self cells

A

antigens

58
Q

secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells

A

antibodies

59
Q

Transfusion reaction: If a person receives the wrong blood type, antibodies bind to antigens on erythrocytes and cause____ (clumping).

A

agglutination reaction

60
Q

cessation (stop) of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged

A

hemostasis

61
Q
  • Immediate inherent response to constrict vessels which presses opposed endothelial surfaces together in the smallest vessels
  • Ultimate stopping of the bleed depends on formation of platelet plug and clotting
A

what happens when there is an injury to a blood vessel

62
Q

_______ forms at the site of damage to the vessel by adhering to the surface of exposed collagen fibers (connective tissue)

A

the platelet plug (formation)

63
Q

protein that holds the binding in place (collagen to damaged vessel)
- platelets are triggered to release contents (ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2). these contents are what allow platelet activation and aggregation to occur and create the platelet plug

A

von willebrand factor

64
Q
  • Undamaged adjacent cells release prostacyclin & nitric oxide to inhibit platelet aggregation and prevent the continued spread of the plug
  • The plug results in a decreased blood loss (maintains BP).
  • The plug formation is necessary for production of a blood clot.
A

formation of a platelet plug

65
Q

prostacyclin and nitric oxide

A

preventing spread of plug

66
Q
  1. injury
  2. vascular spasm
  3. platelet plug formation
  4. coagulation
A

general steps of clotting

67
Q

fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, which forms a mesh that traps more platelets and erythrocytes, producing a clot

A

coagulation

68
Q

the smooth muscle in the vessel wall contracts near the injury point, reducing blood loss

A

vascular spasm

69
Q
  • going from a liquid to a solid gel (due to proteins: fibrinogen to fibrin)
  • Dominant hemostatic defense mechanism
A

clotting or coagulation

70
Q

function of the formation of a blood clot

A

support the platelet plug

71
Q

essential component of the clot: ___

A

fibrin-protein making a meshwork

72
Q

platelet plug is an example of what feedback

A

postive

73
Q

Branching in the system ensures all cells are close to capillaries. Nutrients and metabolic end products need to move between the blood in the capillaries to the cells. (through diffusion)

A

vessels in circulatory system

74
Q

supply nutrients and hormones

A

main function of the vessels

75
Q

The Endothelium lines vessels and help regulate movement across vessels

  • Arteries: Arterioles & Capillaries
    -Veins: Venules
A

the vascular system

76
Q

act as a pressure reservoir that maintains blood flow through tissues

A

arteries

77
Q

very small artery that leads to a capillary
- Smooth muscle of the vessel is innervated by sympathetic neurons
- Impact blood pressure by offering the most resistance to flow of blood.

A

arterioles

78
Q

Houses the most of the total blood volume
- Lower pressure compared to arterial
- Systemic circulation

A

veins

79
Q

pressure difference between peripheral veins and right atrium forces venous return

A

Systemic circulation (veins)

80
Q

difference from arterioles is that ____ of veins causes a reduction in ___

A

constriction; forward flow

81
Q

do arteries have valves

A

no

82
Q

do veins have valves

A

present most commonly in limbs and in veins inferior to the heart

83
Q

Performing the ultimate function of the entire system: exchange of nutrients, metabolic end products and cell secretions
- no smooth muscle

A

the capillary network

84
Q

thin tube of endothelial cells allowing for ____

A

rapid exchange of substances (capillary network)

85
Q

diffusion distances are ___ from capillary to other cells

A

small

86
Q

Capillary blood flow:

___ decreases as blood flows from the larger aorta to smaller arteries and arterioles and then to capillaries

A

Velocity

87
Q

Capillary blood flow:

The reduced velocity allows the time for products in the blood to be exchanged from the _________

A

blood plasma to the interstitial fluid

88
Q

At the beginning of systole all valves are closed so no blood is ejected, atria is relaxed & ventricles contract

A

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

89
Q

at the beginning of diastole all valves closed, rapid filling, no movement of blood, both atria and ventricles relaxed

A

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation:

90
Q

clumping of cells as a result of chemical interactions between surface antigens and antibodies

A

Agglutinate

91
Q

smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded by interstitial fluid

A

Capillary

92
Q

initial phase of the ventricular diastole when pressure in the ventricles drops below pressure in the two major arteries, the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, and blood attempts to flow back into the ventricles, producing the dicrotic notch of the ECG and closing the two semilunar valves

A

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

93
Q

below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent)

A

hypoxemia

94
Q

universal recipient

A

individual with type AB+ blood

95
Q

describes the relationship between EDV and stroke volume. A great amount of blood prior to contraction results in a greater stretch of the myocardium

A

Frank-Starling law of the heart

96
Q

receptors for arterial blood pressure located in the aortic arch and the carotid sinuses

A

Baroreceptors

97
Q

turbulent flow of blood through the constricted artery creating sounds

A

Sounds of Korotkoff

98
Q

innermost layer of the heart lining the heart chambers and heart valves; composed of endothelium reinforced with a thin layer of connective tissue that binds to the myocardium

A

Endocardium

99
Q

innermost layer of the serous pericardium and the outermost layer of the heart wall

A

Epicardium

100
Q

red, iron-containing pigment to which oxygen binds in hemoglobin

A

heme

101
Q

abnormally high levels of fluid and blood within the body

A

hypervolemia

102
Q

lack of oxygen supply to the tissues

A

hypoxia

103
Q

blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of the antigen Rh on the erythrocyte membrane surface

A

Rh blood group

104
Q

pathological enlargement of the heart, generally for no known reason

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

105
Q

genetic disorder characterized by inadequate synthesis of clotting factors

A

hemophilia

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

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