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PHYSIOLOGY > Module 16- Reproduction > Flashcards

Module 16- Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

formed with gonads - testes or ovaries

A

germ cells

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2
Q

sexual reproduction where genes from two individuals randomly combine to continue the next generation

A

reproduction function

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3
Q

endocrine involvement begins at ___

A

puberty

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4
Q

regulatory hormones released into ___

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal

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5
Q

both male and female have ___ & ___ that stimulates gonads for spermatogenesis or oogenesis

A

FSH & LH

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6
Q

___ secrete testosterone, estradiol, progesterone

A

gonads

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7
Q

development of duct systems are controlled by ___ ___

A

gonadal hormones

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8
Q

out-pouching of the abdominal wall divided into two sacs for the testes. The descent of the testes into these sacs is crucial for normal sperm production

A

scrotum

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9
Q

site of spermatogenesis
- a efferent duct system drains the rete testis into epididymis and then to the vas deferens which drains into ejaculatory ducts

A

seminiferous tubules

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10
Q
  • supporting cells of germ cells
  • stimulated by FSH
  • cells form a ring (sertoli cell barrier) an arrangement ideal for the conditions necessary for germ cell development
  • in seminiferous tubule
A

Sertoli cels

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11
Q
  • synthesize and release testosterone
  • stimulated by LH
  • testosterone has many functions
  • help w development of sperm
  • in seminiferous tubule
A

Leydig cells

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12
Q
  1. required for initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis
  2. decreases GnRH secretion via an action on the hypothalamus
  3. required for sex drive & may enhance aggressive behavior
  4. stimulates erythropoietin secretion by the kidneys
A

testosterone

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13
Q
  • an efferent duct system drains the rete testis into epididymis
  • in the epididymis, smooth muscle contractions move fluid through the vas deferens to be ejaculated
  • during ejaculation: sphincter to the bladder is closed so sperm cannot enter and urine cannot get out
A

movement of sperm

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14
Q

ejaculatory ducts enter prostate gland to join __

A

urethra

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15
Q

prostate gland and seminal vesicle secrete most of the fluid for sperm suspension

fluid + sperm = ___

A

semen

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16
Q

Discharge of semen is primarily a ______ via the afferent pathways from penile mechanoreceptors

A

spinal reflex

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17
Q

___ million sperm produced in seminiferous tubule each day

A

300

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18
Q

consists of nucleus with the DNA and a tip covered by the acrosome

A

sperm head

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19
Q

protein filled vesicle containing enzymes used in fertilization

A

acrosome

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20
Q

part of sperm that is full of mitochondria

A

midpiece

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21
Q

flagellum for movement

A

tail

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22
Q

the source of menstrual flow where fetus develops in pregnancy

A

uterus

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23
Q

at birth the ovaries have all the eggs they will ever have, only a few hundred will be ovulated, the other few million will degenerate at some point until a women reaches menopause (50’s)

A

oogenesis

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24
Q

no more ovulation due to no more eggs

A

menopause

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25
Q

oocyte or eggs exist in ___ in the ovaries

A

follicles

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26
Q

the majority of the cells surrouding an oocyte in a follicle. Granulosa cells secrete estrogen during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle (before ovulation).

A

granulosa cells

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27
Q

primary oocyte + single layer of follicle cells

A

primordial follicle

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28
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone___ influences follicular development

A

FSH

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29
Q

An oocyte in which the first meiotic division is completed.

A

secondary oocyte

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30
Q

occurs when walls of follicle and ovary rupture due to enzymatic digestion, the secondary oocyte is carried out of the ovary
- occurs on about day 14 of the ovarian cycle
- more than one oocyte can be ovulated at one time

A

ovulation

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31
Q

The average length of the menstrual cycle is:

A

28 days

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32
Q

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell
- loss of CL leads to menstruation

A

corpus luteum

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33
Q

released by granulosa cells during follicular phase
-by corpus luteum during luteal phase

A

estradiol

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34
Q

hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women

A

progesterone

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35
Q

egg (ovum) is currently in ___ ___ ready to be fertilized when empty follicle becomes corpus luteum

A

fallopian tubes

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36
Q

The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a follicle (an oocyte and its surroudning cells) enlarges and matures. This phase is under the control of FSH from the anterior pituitary, and typically lasts from day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle. The follicle secretes estrogen during this time period.

A

follicular phase

37
Q

LH predominates during days 15-28
- LH stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum

A

luteal phase of ovarian cycle

38
Q

Days 1-7 of ovarian cycle: ____

day 7 of the ovarian cycle: ___

Days 8-13 of ovarian cycle: ____

days 15-24 of ovarian cycle: ____

day 25-28 of ovarian cycle: ____

A

follicle grows; one follicle becomes dominant; dominant follicle matures; corpus luteum functions; corpus luteum degenerates except for during pregnancy

39
Q

control of ovarian function depends on the secretion of ___, hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells

A

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

40
Q

follicular growth and estradiol dependent on ___

A

FSH

41
Q

ovulation depends on ____surge right before ovulation

A

LH (luteinizing hormone)

42
Q

estrogen peaks

A

at day 7 and day 12

43
Q

first few days of menstrual cycle that result in menstrual flow or ___ ___
- includes endometrial arterioles dilating, hemorrhaging along w endometrial debris
- due to withdrawal of estrogens or steroids

A

endometrial degeneration

44
Q

That portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when the endometrium regenerates and thickens due to estradiol beginning to increase

A

proliferative phase

45
Q

The third phase of the uterin (endometrial) cycle, during which the rebuilt endometrium is enhanced with glycogen and lipid stores. The secretory phase is primarily under the controll of progestone and estrogen (secreted from the copus luteum during this time period), and typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 or ovulation to the onset of the next cycle

A

secretory phase

46
Q

sperm become activated and survive in ___ ___ for a short time due to estrogen that induces changes to the mucus pH. large amounts of death occurs

A

cervical mucus

47
Q

sperm pH

A

6.5 or less

48
Q

cervical mucus pH

A

9 or closer to 7 if its more water

49
Q

how does sperm move in woman?

A

flagella & uterine contractions

50
Q

ovum is only viable up to __ hours

A

48

51
Q

upon entry into the vagina, sperm are capable of fertilizing an ovum up to _ ___

A

6 days

52
Q

A thick, transparent coating rich in glycoproteins that surrounds an oocyte from the moment it becomes secondary
- sperm head has to break through it to fuse with the membrane

A

zona pellucida

53
Q

___ begins when sperm & ovum fuse.
-occurs in the fallopian tube

A

fertilization

54
Q

once the sperm head breaks through the zona pellucida to fuse w the membrane, the sperm head is released into the ___ of the ovum

A

cytosol

55
Q

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
-many changes occur to ensure survival of zygote

A

zygote

56
Q
  • changes in membrane potential to prevent further entry of sperm by hardening zona pellucida
  • using enzymes to inactive sperm binding sites
A

changes that occur after fusion of sperm head and ovum

57
Q

approximately 4-6 days later implantation in the uterus occurs

  • secondary oocyte–>fertilization (o hours) –> zygote –> blastomeres (30 hours) –> morula (72 hours) –> blastocyte –> implantation starts sending hormonal signals to female
A

migration

58
Q

initial contact on implantation stimulates rapid trophoblast proliferation that stimulates the ___ ___ in the mother.
- this hormone maintains the endometrium until the placenta takes over
- corpus luteum does not regress

A

HCG hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin)

59
Q

___ ___ provide fuel first few weeks until placenta takes over this function and steroid hormone secretion

A

endometrial cells

60
Q

implantation occurs around day __ of a typical cycle

A

21

61
Q
  • month 1-2 = hCG surge
  • increase in progesterone & estrogen
A

hormonal changes during pregnancy

62
Q

umbilical arteries & veins to the fetus are housed in the ___ ___

A

umbilical cord

63
Q

waste moves from ____ to ____ (late 3rd trimester)

A

fetus to maternal blood

64
Q

nutrients, hormones, and growth factors move from___

A

maternal blood to fetus

65
Q

there is ___ ___ of the blood, just exchange of materials between blood streams

A

no mixing

66
Q

all the events near the end of the 40 week pregnancy including delivery

A

parturition

67
Q

___ & ___ stimulate contractions

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins

68
Q

A group of bioactive, hormone-like chemicals derived from fatty acids that provide regulation

A

prostaglandins

69
Q

activation of ___ ___ ___ initiates release of prostaglandins and oxytocin

A

fetal adrenal cortex

70
Q

deilvery stems from strong rhythmic contractions of ___

A

myometrium

71
Q

___ ___ between placenta CRH & fetus adrenal gland

A

positive feedback

72
Q

___ ___ for muscle contraction are stimulated by oxytocin and prostaglandins

A

ca2+ channels

73
Q

a fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects a developing embryo and fetus in the uterus ruptures and flows through the vagina

A

amniotic sac

74
Q

as contractions increase in intensity and frequency, the cervix is forced to dilate to a maximum of __ __.

A

10 cm

75
Q

mother can increase ___ ___ to add to contractions to deliver the baby

A

abdominal pressure

76
Q

___ is the delivery of the placenta as blood flow has stopped and it detaches

A

afterbirth

77
Q

growth of alveoli

A

progesterone for lactation

78
Q

hormone that stimulates milk production

A

prolactin

79
Q

duct growth and branching

A

estradiol for lactation

80
Q

response to suckling to allow for milk ejection reflex

A

oxytocin for lactation

81
Q

prolactin & oxytocin are hormones used ____

A

after birth

82
Q

progesterone & estradiol are hormones used ___

A

during pregnancy that increase concentration

83
Q

estrogen and progesterone also ___ prolactin during pregnancy. After delivery, their concentrations decrease, allowing milk production via prolactin

A

inhibit

84
Q

as breastfeeding continues, pulses of ___ signals breasts to maintain milk production

A

prolactin

85
Q

prolactin comes from

A

anterior pituitary

86
Q

ADH and oxytocin comes from

A

posterior pituitary

87
Q

the milk provides ____ immune system support to the infant since it contains antibodies, leukocytes and other immune messengers

A

passive

88
Q

circulating IgG antibody from mother

A

increases before birth then declines after

89
Q

intestinal IgA antibody from mother’s milk

A

increases at birth and slowly decreases once child is weaned off breast milk

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

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