Module 16- Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
formed with gonads - testes or ovaries
A
germ cells
2
Q
sexual reproduction where genes from two individuals randomly combine to continue the next generation
A
reproduction function
3
Q
endocrine involvement begins at ___
A
puberty
4
Q
regulatory hormones released into ___
A
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal
5
Q
both male and female have ___ & ___ that stimulates gonads for spermatogenesis or oogenesis
A
FSH & LH
6
Q
___ secrete testosterone, estradiol, progesterone
A
gonads
7
Q
development of duct systems are controlled by ___ ___
A
gonadal hormones
8
Q
out-pouching of the abdominal wall divided into two sacs for the testes. The descent of the testes into these sacs is crucial for normal sperm production
A
scrotum
9
Q
site of spermatogenesis
- a efferent duct system drains the rete testis into epididymis and then to the vas deferens which drains into ejaculatory ducts
A
seminiferous tubules
10
Q
- supporting cells of germ cells
- stimulated by FSH
- cells form a ring (sertoli cell barrier) an arrangement ideal for the conditions necessary for germ cell development
- in seminiferous tubule
A
Sertoli cels
11
Q
- synthesize and release testosterone
- stimulated by LH
- testosterone has many functions
- help w development of sperm
- in seminiferous tubule
A
Leydig cells
12
Q
- required for initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis
- decreases GnRH secretion via an action on the hypothalamus
- required for sex drive & may enhance aggressive behavior
- stimulates erythropoietin secretion by the kidneys
A
testosterone
13
Q
- an efferent duct system drains the rete testis into epididymis
- in the epididymis, smooth muscle contractions move fluid through the vas deferens to be ejaculated
- during ejaculation: sphincter to the bladder is closed so sperm cannot enter and urine cannot get out
A
movement of sperm
14
Q
ejaculatory ducts enter prostate gland to join __
A
urethra
15
Q
prostate gland and seminal vesicle secrete most of the fluid for sperm suspension
fluid + sperm = ___
A
semen
16
Q
Discharge of semen is primarily a ______ via the afferent pathways from penile mechanoreceptors
A
spinal reflex
17
Q
___ million sperm produced in seminiferous tubule each day
A
300
18
Q
consists of nucleus with the DNA and a tip covered by the acrosome
A
sperm head
19
Q
protein filled vesicle containing enzymes used in fertilization
A
acrosome
20
Q
part of sperm that is full of mitochondria
A
midpiece
21
Q
flagellum for movement
A
tail
22
Q
the source of menstrual flow where fetus develops in pregnancy
A
uterus
23
Q
at birth the ovaries have all the eggs they will ever have, only a few hundred will be ovulated, the other few million will degenerate at some point until a women reaches menopause (50’s)
A
oogenesis
24
Q
no more ovulation due to no more eggs
A
menopause
25
oocyte or eggs exist in ___ in the ovaries
follicles
26
the majority of the cells surrouding an oocyte in a follicle. Granulosa cells secrete estrogen during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle (before ovulation).
granulosa cells
27
primary oocyte + single layer of follicle cells
primordial follicle
28
follicle-stimulating hormone___ influences follicular development
FSH
29
An oocyte in which the first meiotic division is completed.
secondary oocyte
30
occurs when walls of follicle and ovary rupture due to enzymatic digestion, the secondary oocyte is carried out of the ovary
- occurs on about day 14 of the ovarian cycle
- more than one oocyte can be ovulated at one time
ovulation
31
The average length of the menstrual cycle is:
28 days
32
empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell
- loss of CL leads to menstruation
corpus luteum
33
released by granulosa cells during follicular phase
-by corpus luteum during luteal phase
estradiol
34
hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women
progesterone
35
egg (ovum) is currently in ___ ___ ready to be fertilized when empty follicle becomes corpus luteum
fallopian tubes
36
The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a follicle (an oocyte and its surroudning cells) enlarges and matures. This phase is under the control of FSH from the anterior pituitary, and typically lasts from day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle. The follicle secretes estrogen during this time period.
follicular phase
37
LH predominates during days 15-28
- LH stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum
luteal phase of ovarian cycle
38
Days 1-7 of ovarian cycle: ____
day 7 of the ovarian cycle: ___
Days 8-13 of ovarian cycle: ____
days 15-24 of ovarian cycle: ____
day 25-28 of ovarian cycle: ____
follicle grows; one follicle becomes dominant; dominant follicle matures; corpus luteum functions; corpus luteum degenerates except for during pregnancy
39
control of ovarian function depends on the secretion of ___, hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
40
follicular growth and estradiol dependent on ___
FSH
41
ovulation depends on ____surge right before ovulation
LH (luteinizing hormone)
42
estrogen peaks
at day 7 and day 12
43
first few days of menstrual cycle that result in menstrual flow or ___ ___
- includes endometrial arterioles dilating, hemorrhaging along w endometrial debris
- due to withdrawal of estrogens or steroids
endometrial degeneration
44
That portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when the endometrium regenerates and thickens due to estradiol beginning to increase
proliferative phase
45
The third phase of the uterin (endometrial) cycle, during which the rebuilt endometrium is enhanced with glycogen and lipid stores. The secretory phase is primarily under the controll of progestone and estrogen (secreted from the copus luteum during this time period), and typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 or ovulation to the onset of the next cycle
secretory phase
46
sperm become activated and survive in ___ ___ for a short time due to estrogen that induces changes to the mucus pH. large amounts of death occurs
cervical mucus
47
sperm pH
6.5 or less
48
cervical mucus pH
9 or closer to 7 if its more water
49
how does sperm move in woman?
flagella & uterine contractions
50
ovum is only viable up to __ hours
48
51
upon entry into the vagina, sperm are capable of fertilizing an ovum up to _ ___
6 days
52
A thick, transparent coating rich in glycoproteins that surrounds an oocyte from the moment it becomes secondary
- sperm head has to break through it to fuse with the membrane
zona pellucida
53
___ begins when sperm & ovum fuse.
-occurs in the fallopian tube
fertilization
54
once the sperm head breaks through the zona pellucida to fuse w the membrane, the sperm head is released into the ___ of the ovum
cytosol
55
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
-many changes occur to ensure survival of zygote
zygote
56
- changes in membrane potential to prevent further entry of sperm by hardening zona pellucida
- using enzymes to inactive sperm binding sites
changes that occur after fusion of sperm head and ovum
57
approximately 4-6 days later implantation in the uterus occurs
- secondary oocyte-->fertilization (o hours) --> zygote --> blastomeres (30 hours) --> morula (72 hours) --> blastocyte --> implantation starts sending hormonal signals to female
migration
58
initial contact on implantation stimulates rapid trophoblast proliferation that stimulates the ___ ___ in the mother.
- this hormone maintains the endometrium until the placenta takes over
- corpus luteum does not regress
HCG hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin)
59
___ ___ provide fuel first few weeks until placenta takes over this function and steroid hormone secretion
endometrial cells
60
implantation occurs around day __ of a typical cycle
21
61
- month 1-2 = hCG surge
- increase in progesterone & estrogen
hormonal changes during pregnancy
62
umbilical arteries & veins to the fetus are housed in the ___ ___
umbilical cord
63
waste moves from ____ to ____ (late 3rd trimester)
fetus to maternal blood
64
nutrients, hormones, and growth factors move from___
maternal blood to fetus
65
there is ___ ___ of the blood, just exchange of materials between blood streams
no mixing
66
all the events near the end of the 40 week pregnancy including delivery
parturition
67
___ & ___ stimulate contractions
oxytocin and prostaglandins
68
A group of bioactive, hormone-like chemicals derived from fatty acids that provide regulation
prostaglandins
69
activation of ___ ___ ___ initiates release of prostaglandins and oxytocin
fetal adrenal cortex
70
deilvery stems from strong rhythmic contractions of ___
myometrium
71
___ ___ between placenta CRH & fetus adrenal gland
positive feedback
72
___ ___ for muscle contraction are stimulated by oxytocin and prostaglandins
ca2+ channels
73
a fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects a developing embryo and fetus in the uterus ruptures and flows through the vagina
amniotic sac
74
as contractions increase in intensity and frequency, the cervix is forced to dilate to a maximum of __ __.
10 cm
75
mother can increase ___ ___ to add to contractions to deliver the baby
abdominal pressure
76
___ is the delivery of the placenta as blood flow has stopped and it detaches
afterbirth
77
growth of alveoli
progesterone for lactation
78
hormone that stimulates milk production
prolactin
79
duct growth and branching
estradiol for lactation
80
response to suckling to allow for milk ejection reflex
oxytocin for lactation
81
prolactin & oxytocin are hormones used ____
after birth
82
progesterone & estradiol are hormones used ___
during pregnancy that increase concentration
83
estrogen and progesterone also ___ prolactin during pregnancy. After delivery, their concentrations decrease, allowing milk production via prolactin
inhibit
84
as breastfeeding continues, pulses of ___ signals breasts to maintain milk production
prolactin
85
prolactin comes from
anterior pituitary
86
ADH and oxytocin comes from
posterior pituitary
87
the milk provides ____ immune system support to the infant since it contains antibodies, leukocytes and other immune messengers
passive
88
circulating IgG antibody from mother
increases before birth then declines after
89
intestinal IgA antibody from mother's milk
increases at birth and slowly decreases once child is weaned off breast milk
