Exam 4- Respiratory Flashcards by alyssa james

supply the body tissues w/ oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide generated by cellular metabolism

function of respiratory system

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movement of O2 from lungs into blood; CO2 from blood to lungs

external respiration (gas exchange)

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movement of O2 from blood into tissue cells; CO2 from cells into blood

internal respiration (gas exchange)

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exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli

pulmonary ventilation

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air comes in and travels to larynx (where vocal cords are)

upper airway

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airway ends in _____

alveolar sacs

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where gas exchange happens

respiratory zone

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everything else
-where gas exchange does not occur

conducting zone

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on epithelial surfaces
secrete mucus to keep lungs clear of particulate matter

cilia

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site of gas exchange with the blood
tiny and hollow
supplied by capillaries
allows for quick diffusion

alveoli

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stick to mucus in the conducting zone
- dust, foreign contaminants

particulates

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air is ____ degrees in respiratory zone- temp and moisture is constant

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flat epithelial cells forming a continuous layer
- where gas exchange happens
- highly permeable to gasses

type 1 alveolar cells

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specialized cells that produce surfactant
- cuboidal epithelial cells

type 2 alveolar

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Exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli. Thoracic Pressure differences cause lung volume changes.

ventilation

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respiratory system is located in the ___

thorax

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passive, elastic structures whose volume fluctuates
volume depends on difference in pressure inside and outside

lungs

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the passageway of O2:

pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> lungs –> alveoli –> capillaries

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Pressure in alveoli (intrapulmonary) decreases below atmospheric-air will move from atmosphere to alveoli, high to low pressures

Boyles law

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all pressures are relative to _____
- 760 mmHg at sea level (P atm)

atmospheric pressure
(cant change)

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Boyles law formula:

P1V1 = P2V2

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changes to drive the movement of air

intra-alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary- inside the lungs)

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P alv

pressure in the alveoli

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Palv is less than Patm = ___

inspiration

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Palv greater than Patm = ___

expiration

pressure in pleural space, Pip - fluctuates with breathing, but it is always less than Palv

intrapleural pressure

holding lungs open Ptp = Palv - Pip - difference in pressure allows lungs to stick to the chest wall (keeps lungs in place)

transpulmonary

Inspiration: - lungs are expanding - diaphragm is ____ - intrapulmonary pressure is ___ than atmospheric pressure - intrapleural is _____

flattened; lower; below both alveoli and atm pressure

Expiration: - Atm = 0 - diaphragm is ____ = "dome" - alveoli pressure is ___ than atm - intrapleural pressure is ___

relaxed; higher; below alveoli & atm

At rest: - atm = ___ - intrapulmonary pressure = ___ - intrapleural pressure = ___

0; 0 (same as atm); -5 (below)

reduces the surface tension of the alveoli

Surfactant

- the movement of air from external environment into the alveoli of the lungs - initiated by motor neurons firing AP to intercostals muscles (between ribs) and diaphragm - diaphragm contracts - ACTIVE MOVEMENT - enlarging thoracic cavity allows lungs to enlarge and cause increase in size of alveoli

Inspiration (breathing IN)

- air from alveoli to external environment - motor neurons decrease AP to diaphragm and intercostals, muscles relax - air in alveoli gets compressed as lungs become smaller, air moves out, Palv > Patm - PASSIVE MOVEMENT of lungs

Expiration (breathing OUT)

respiratory rhythm generated in ___ _____ neurons- breathing depends on these muscle movements, especially the diaphragm

medulla oblongata; motor (neural input)

when the pressure is eliminated, and the lungs collapse

pneumothorax

if the Pip ever = Patm the lungs will immediately_____

collapse

change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure

Lung compliance

Low lung compliance leads to ____

Shallow breathes at high rates

the carotid bodies are strategically located to monitor ____ supply to the brain

oxygen

responding to changes in H+ concentrations - indirectly affects ventilation

peripheral chemoreceptors

when muscles contract in the chest wall the chest expands - diaphragm is contracted downward & thoracic cavity is larger

inspiration

muscles relax and recoil drives passive expiration back out

expiration

pressure of a particular gas in a mixture

Partial pressure

pressure each gas exerts is independent of the pressure of other gases

Daltons law

- is proportional to the concentration for that gas - total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the individual - Po2 - can be measured by multiplying the % of that gas by the total pressure

partial pressure

increase conc. of CO2 = increase conc. of H+ = blood pH ___

decreases (more acidic)

binding oxygen with hemoglobin

oxyhemoglobin

produced when oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen

deoxyhemoglobin

during exercise _____, decreasing tissue Po2, this increases blood to tissue Po2 gradient

more O2 is used

O2: alveolar Po2, is higher than blood, so oxygen diffuses from ___ into ___. high to low concentration - this induces diffusion of oxygen to erythrocytes

alveoli into plasma

two forms: - dissolved in plasma and erythrocyte cytosol - combined with hemoglobin molecules in erythrocyte

oxygen in the blood

pulmonary capillaries- ___ PO2 leads to formation of HbO2 at ___

increased; lungs (loading)

systemic capillaries- ___ PO2 leads to O2 dissociation from HbO2 at ____ increase CO2 --> lowers pH --> reduces affinity for O2 --> increases O2 unloading

decreased; tissues (unloading)

in the lungs -deoxyhemoglobin+O2

systemic - oxyhemoglobin

unloading

-a waste product -produces H+ which gives it toxicity

CO2

1. 10% dissolves in plasma 2. some react with hemoglobin 3. 60-65% is converted to HCO3-, where we get the hydrogen ions that alter pH levels

CO2 (levels of transport)

____ catalyzes the reaction to form carbonic acid at high Pco2

carbonic anhydrase

CO2 + H2O <---> _____ <---> ____ + ___

H2CO3 <---> H+ + HCO3 -

retains electrical neutrality of the cell

chloride shift

H+ in red blood cell is buffered by ____, H+ in plasma is buffered by ____ moving out

deoxyhemoglobin; bicarbonate

bicarbonate builds up in cells, leaves ___ its gradient

down

Cl- is attracted into cells with the movement of ___ and trapping of ___

bicarbonate; H+

- means increase in acidity - decreases affinity of oxygen on hemoglobin - more O2 dropped off at the tissues - will bind to deoxyhemoglobin

more H+ ions

normal pH range of blood is

7.35 - 7.45

blood pH is maintained through _____-CO2 and ____-bicarbonate

lungs; kidneys

when plasma H+ concentration increases, pH drops below 7.4

acidosis

arterial H+ concentration increase due to CO2

respiratory acidosis

when plasma H+ concentration decreases, pH rises above 7.4

alkalosis

results from decreasing arterial Pco2 and H+ concentration

respiratory alkalosis

- low pH - cause of respiratory acidosis - alveolar ventilation can't keep up (too slow) - High CO2

hypoventilation

- high pH - cause of respiratory alkalosis - alveolar ventilation too fast - low CO2

hyperventilation

plasma concentration of CO2 is abnormally increased, inadequate pulmonary ventilation

Hypoventilation

increased ventilation rate that leads to abnormally low blood carbon dioxide levels and high (alkaline) blood pH

Hyperventilation