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PHYSIOLOGY > Exam 4- Respiratory > Flashcards

Exam 4- Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

supply the body tissues w/ oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide generated by cellular metabolism

A

function of respiratory system

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2
Q

movement of O2 from lungs into blood; CO2 from blood to lungs

A

external respiration (gas exchange)

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3
Q

movement of O2 from blood into tissue cells; CO2 from cells into blood

A

internal respiration (gas exchange)

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4
Q

exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli

A

pulmonary ventilation

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5
Q

air comes in and travels to larynx (where vocal cords are)

A

upper airway

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6
Q

airway ends in _____

A

alveolar sacs

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7
Q

where gas exchange happens

A

respiratory zone

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8
Q

everything else
-where gas exchange does not occur

A

conducting zone

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9
Q
  • on epithelial surfaces
  • secrete mucus to keep lungs clear of particulate matter
A

cilia

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10
Q
  • site of gas exchange with the blood
  • tiny and hollow
  • supplied by capillaries
  • allows for quick diffusion
A

alveoli

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11
Q

stick to mucus in the conducting zone
- dust, foreign contaminants

A

particulates

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12
Q

air is ____ degrees in respiratory zone- temp and moisture is constant

A

37

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13
Q

flat epithelial cells forming a continuous layer
- where gas exchange happens
- highly permeable to gasses

A

type 1 alveolar cells

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14
Q

specialized cells that produce surfactant
- cuboidal epithelial cells

A

type 2 alveolar

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15
Q

Exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli. Thoracic Pressure differences cause lung volume changes.

A

ventilation

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16
Q

respiratory system is located in the ___

A

thorax

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17
Q
  • passive, elastic structures whose volume fluctuates
  • volume depends on difference in pressure inside and outside
A

lungs

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18
Q

the passageway of O2:

A

pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> lungs –> alveoli –> capillaries

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19
Q

Pressure in alveoli (intrapulmonary) decreases below atmospheric-air will move from atmosphere to alveoli, high to low pressures

A

Boyles law

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20
Q

all pressures are relative to _____
- 760 mmHg at sea level (P atm)

A

atmospheric pressure
(cant change)

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21
Q

Boyles law formula:

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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22
Q

changes to drive the movement of air

A

intra-alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary- inside the lungs)

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23
Q

P alv

A

pressure in the alveoli

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24
Q

Palv is less than Patm = ___

A

inspiration

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25
Q

Palv greater than Patm = ___

A

expiration

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26
Q

pressure in pleural space, Pip
- fluctuates with breathing, but it is always less than Palv

A

intrapleural pressure

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27
Q

holding lungs open Ptp = Palv - Pip
- difference in pressure allows lungs to stick to the chest wall (keeps lungs in place)

A

transpulmonary

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28
Q

Inspiration:
- lungs are expanding
- diaphragm is ____
- intrapulmonary pressure is ___ than atmospheric pressure
- intrapleural is _____

A

flattened; lower; below both alveoli and atm pressure

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29
Q

Expiration:
- Atm = 0
- diaphragm is ____ = “dome”
- alveoli pressure is ___ than atm
- intrapleural pressure is ___

A

relaxed; higher; below alveoli & atm

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30
Q

At rest:
- atm = ___
- intrapulmonary pressure = ___
- intrapleural pressure = ___

A

0; 0 (same as atm); -5 (below)

31
Q

reduces the surface tension of the alveoli

A

Surfactant

32
Q
  • the movement of air from external environment into the alveoli of the lungs
  • initiated by motor neurons firing AP to intercostals muscles (between ribs) and diaphragm
  • diaphragm contracts
  • ACTIVE MOVEMENT
  • enlarging thoracic cavity allows lungs to enlarge and cause increase in size of alveoli
A

Inspiration (breathing IN)

33
Q
  • air from alveoli to external environment
  • motor neurons decrease AP to diaphragm and intercostals, muscles relax
  • air in alveoli gets compressed as lungs become smaller, air moves out, Palv > Patm
  • PASSIVE MOVEMENT of lungs
A

Expiration (breathing OUT)

34
Q

respiratory rhythm generated in ___

_____ neurons- breathing depends on these muscle movements, especially the diaphragm

A

medulla oblongata; motor
(neural input)

35
Q

when the pressure is eliminated, and the lungs collapse

A

pneumothorax

36
Q

if the Pip ever = Patm the lungs will immediately_____

A

collapse

37
Q

change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure

A

Lung compliance

38
Q

Low lung compliance leads to ____

A

Shallow breathes at high rates

39
Q

the carotid bodies are strategically located to monitor ____ supply to the brain

A

oxygen

40
Q

responding to changes in H+ concentrations
- indirectly affects ventilation

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

41
Q

when muscles contract in the chest wall the chest expands
- diaphragm is contracted downward & thoracic cavity is larger

A

inspiration

42
Q

muscles relax and recoil drives passive expiration back out

A

expiration

43
Q

pressure of a particular gas in a mixture

A

Partial pressure

44
Q

pressure each gas exerts is independent of the pressure of other gases

A

Daltons law

45
Q
  • is proportional to the concentration for that gas
  • total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the individual
  • Po2
  • can be measured by multiplying the % of that gas by the total pressure
A

partial pressure

46
Q

increase conc. of CO2 = increase conc. of H+ = blood pH ___

A

decreases (more acidic)

47
Q

binding oxygen with hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin

48
Q

produced when oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen

A

deoxyhemoglobin

49
Q

during exercise _____, decreasing tissue Po2, this increases blood to tissue Po2 gradient

A

more O2 is used

50
Q

O2:
alveolar Po2, is higher than blood, so oxygen diffuses from ___ into ___. high to low concentration
- this induces diffusion of oxygen to erythrocytes

A

alveoli into plasma

51
Q

two forms:
- dissolved in plasma and erythrocyte cytosol
- combined with hemoglobin molecules in erythrocyte

A

oxygen in the blood

52
Q

pulmonary capillaries- ___ PO2 leads to formation of HbO2 at ___

A

increased; lungs
(loading)

53
Q

systemic capillaries- ___ PO2 leads to O2 dissociation from HbO2 at ____

increase CO2 –> lowers pH –> reduces affinity for O2 –> increases O2 unloading

A

decreased; tissues
(unloading)

54
Q

in the lungs
-deoxyhemoglobin+O2

A

loading

55
Q

systemic
- oxyhemoglobin

A

unloading

56
Q

-a waste product
-produces H+ which gives it toxicity

A

CO2

57
Q
  1. 10% dissolves in plasma
  2. some react with hemoglobin
  3. 60-65% is converted to HCO3-, where we get the hydrogen ions that alter pH levels
A

CO2 (levels of transport)

58
Q

____ catalyzes the reaction to form carbonic acid at high Pco2

A

carbonic anhydrase

59
Q

CO2 + H2O <—> _____ <—> ____ + ___

A

H2CO3 <—> H+ + HCO3 -

60
Q

retains electrical neutrality of the cell

A

chloride shift

61
Q

H+ in red blood cell is buffered by ____, H+ in plasma is buffered by ____ moving out

A

deoxyhemoglobin; bicarbonate

62
Q

bicarbonate builds up in cells, leaves ___ its gradient

A

down

63
Q

Cl- is attracted into cells with the movement of ___ and trapping of ___

A

bicarbonate; H+

64
Q
  • means increase in acidity
  • decreases affinity of oxygen on hemoglobin
  • more O2 dropped off at the tissues
  • will bind to deoxyhemoglobin
A

more H+ ions

65
Q

normal pH range of blood is

A

7.35 - 7.45

66
Q

blood pH is maintained through _____-CO2 and ____-bicarbonate

A

lungs; kidneys

67
Q

when plasma H+ concentration increases, pH drops below 7.4

A

acidosis

68
Q

arterial H+ concentration increase due to CO2

A

respiratory acidosis

69
Q

when plasma H+ concentration decreases, pH rises above 7.4

A

alkalosis

70
Q

results from decreasing arterial Pco2 and H+ concentration

A

respiratory alkalosis

71
Q
  • low pH
  • cause of respiratory acidosis
  • alveolar ventilation can’t keep up (too slow)
  • High CO2
A

hypoventilation

72
Q
  • high pH
  • cause of respiratory alkalosis
  • alveolar ventilation too fast
  • low CO2
A

hyperventilation

73
Q

plasma concentration of CO2 is abnormally increased, inadequate pulmonary ventilation

A

Hypoventilation

74
Q

increased ventilation rate that leads to abnormally low blood carbon dioxide levels and high (alkaline) blood pH

A

Hyperventilation

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

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