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PHYSIOLOGY > exam 2 terms > Flashcards

exam 2 terms Flashcards

1
Q

receptor that interprets chemical stimuli, such as an object’s taste or smell.

A

Chemoreceptor

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2
Q

The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli

A

Photoreceptor

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3
Q

receptor that senses temperature and is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature.

A

Thermoreceptor

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4
Q

receptor that responds to physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance)

A

Mechanoreceptor

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5
Q

receptor that responds to pain or similar intense stimuli

A

Nociceptor

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6
Q

energy or chemical activating a sensory receptor

A

Stimulus

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7
Q

area of the body when stimulated activates a particular sensory receptor

A

Receptive field

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8
Q

sharpening of perception that occurs in the neural processing of sensory input

A

Lateral inhibition

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9
Q

pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus.

A

Referred pain

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10
Q

The iconic gray mantle of the human brain, which appears to make up most of the mass of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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11
Q

outer gray matter covering the forebrain, marked by wrinkles and folds known as gyri and sulci

A

Cerebral cortex

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12
Q

major region of the diencephalon that is responsible for relaying information between the cerebrum and the hindbrain, spinal cord, and periphery

A

Thalamus

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13
Q

major region of the diencephalon that is responsible for coordinating autonomic and endocrine control of homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

the lower half of the brainstem

A

Medulla oblongata

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15
Q

neural pathway for involuntary response to stimulus, involving sensory information moving to the CNS and motor information from the CNS

A

Reflex arc

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16
Q

structures at the edge (limit) of the boundary between the forebrain and hindbrain that are most associated with emotional behavior and memory formation

A

Limbic system

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17
Q

Portion of the nervous system associated with the fight-or-flight response.

A

Sympathetic division

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18
Q

Portion of the nervous system associated with the epithet of rest and digest.

A

Parasympathetic division

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19
Q

functions as a neurotransmitter in somatic nerve and parasympathetic nerve fibers

A

Acetylcholine (as neurotransmitter)

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20
Q

a neurotransmitter of the brain that plays an essential role in the regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions.

A

Norepinephrine (as neurotransmitter)

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21
Q

grouping of nerve cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglion

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22
Q

innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

A

Dual innervation

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23
Q

the sympathetic system prepares the body for intense physical activity in emergencies and stress (physically or mentally); the heart rate increases, blood glucose level rises, and blood is diverted to the skeletal muscles (away from the visceral organs and skin).

A

Mass activation

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24
Q

receptors for acetylcholine located in autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions.

A

Nicotinic receptor

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25
Q

receptors for acetylcholine stimulated by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

A

Muscarinic receptor

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26
Q

a technique you can use to learn to control some of your body’s functions, such as your heart rate

A

Biofeedback

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27
Q

one of the various types of neural tissue cells responsible for maintenance of the tissue, and largely responsible for supporting the functions of neurons

A

Glial cell

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28
Q

conducts impulse toward the CNS

A

Afferent

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29
Q

conducts impulse away from the CNS

A

Efferent

30
Q

motor neuron innervating skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

31
Q

motor neuron innervating cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue

A

Autonomic

32
Q

glial cell type in the PNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in nerves

A

Schwann cell

33
Q

proteins that function to anchor synpatic vesicles in axon terminals to the presynaptic plasma membrane

A

SNARE complex

34
Q

lipid-rich layer of insulation that surrounds an axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS; facilitates the transmission of electrical signals

A

Myelin sheath

35
Q

the difference in voltage measured across a cell membrane under steady-state conditions, typically -70 mV

A

Resting membrane potential

36
Q

change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero; inside of the membrane becomes less negative compared to outside of the membrane

A

Depolarization

37
Q

return of the membrane potential to its normally negative voltage at the end of the action potential after depolarization

A

Repolarization

38
Q

increase in negativity of inside of cell membrane with respect to the resting membrane potential (membrane potential becomes more negative)

A

Hyperpolarization

39
Q

one of many branchlike processes that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapses) from other neurons or sensory cells

A

Dendrite

40
Q

ion channel that opens because of a change in the charge distributed across the membrane where it is located

A

Voltage regulated channel

41
Q

change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers

A

Action potential

42
Q

time during an action period when another action potential cannot be generated because the voltage-gated Na+ channel is inactivated

A

Absolute refractory period

43
Q

time during the refractory period when a new action potential can only be initiated by a stronger stimulus than the current action potential because voltage-gated K+ channels are not closed

A

Relative refractory period

44
Q

chemical signal that is released from the synaptic end bulb of a neuron to cause a change in the target cell

A

Neurotransmitters

45
Q

narrow junction across which a chemical signal passes from neuron to the next, initiating a new electrical signal in the target cell

A

Synapse

46
Q

change in the membrane potential that varies in size, depending on the size of the stimulus that elicits it

A

Graded potential

47
Q

graded potential in the postsynaptic membrane that is the result of depolarization and makes an action potential more likely to occur

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

48
Q

graded potential in the postsynaptic membrane that is the result of hyperpolarization and makes an action potential less likely to occur

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

49
Q

molecule that specifically binds to and activates a receptor protein

A

Agonist

50
Q

molecule that binds and reduces the activity of receptor proteins

A

Antagonist

51
Q

association of three membrane associated protein subunits, regulated by guanosine

A

G-protein

52
Q

neuron located in the CNS; also called association neuron

A

Interneuron

53
Q

record parietal and occipital regions for awake person w eyes closed

A

alpha waves

54
Q

record from frontal lobe with visual and mental stimuli

A

beta waves

55
Q

forms memory and is part of limbic system

A

hippocampus

56
Q

forebrain: thalamus and hypothalamus
- relay sensory info except smell!

A

diencephalon

57
Q

sensory relay station
allows you to prioritize info

A

thalamus function

58
Q

regulates circadian rhythms and chord plexus (sleep)

A

epithalamus

59
Q

motor control and maintains connections from cerebrum and cerebellum

A

midbrain

60
Q

produces: ADH, oxytocin
released to posterior pituitary (extension of hypothalamus)
produce releasing and inhibiting hormones transported and released by anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus

61
Q

neurons leading to areas of limbic system
- releases dopamine (“feel good” hormone)

A

dopaminergic neurons

62
Q

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

A

hindbrain

63
Q

sensory motor tracts(axons) from spinal cord to respiratory centers

A

pons

64
Q

controls complex motor skills and coordinates movements (motor learning)

A

cerebellum

65
Q

all ascending and descending tracts (axons) between the brain and spinal cord pass through medulla.

A

medula oblongata

66
Q

motor impulses to eye muscles, focus lens and regulates amount of light coming into eye

A

optic

67
Q

sensory impulses associated with equilibrium
and hearing

A

vesitbulocochlear

68
Q

carries descending pathway fibers

A

ventral root

69
Q

carries ascending pathway fibers

A

dorsal root

70
Q

link efferent and afferent neurons directly together
ex: knee jerk reflex

A

muscle stretch reflex

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

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