exam 2 terms

Question 1

receptor that interprets chemical stimuli, such as an object’s taste or smell.

Answer 1

Chemoreceptor

Question 2

The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli

Answer 2

Photoreceptor

Question 3

receptor that senses temperature and is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature.

Answer 3

Thermoreceptor

Question 4

receptor that responds to physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance)

Answer 4

Mechanoreceptor

Question 5

receptor that responds to pain or similar intense stimuli

Answer 5

Nociceptor

Question 6

energy or chemical activating a sensory receptor

Answer 6

Stimulus

Question 7

area of the body when stimulated activates a particular sensory receptor

Answer 7

Receptive field

Question 8

sharpening of perception that occurs in the neural processing of sensory input

Answer 8

Lateral inhibition

Question 9

pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus.

Answer 9

Referred pain

Question 10

The iconic gray mantle of the human brain, which appears to make up most of the mass of the brain

Answer 10

Cerebrum

Question 11

outer gray matter covering the forebrain, marked by wrinkles and folds known as gyri and sulci

Answer 11

Cerebral cortex

Question 12

major region of the diencephalon that is responsible for relaying information between the cerebrum and the hindbrain, spinal cord, and periphery

Answer 12

Thalamus

Question 13

major region of the diencephalon that is responsible for coordinating autonomic and endocrine control of homeostasis

Answer 13

Hypothalamus

Question 14

the lower half of the brainstem

Answer 14

Medulla oblongata

Question 15

neural pathway for involuntary response to stimulus, involving sensory information moving to the CNS and motor information from the CNS

Answer 15

Reflex arc

Question 16

structures at the edge (limit) of the boundary between the forebrain and hindbrain that are most associated with emotional behavior and memory formation

Answer 16

Limbic system

Question 17

Portion of the nervous system associated with the fight-or-flight response.

Answer 17

Sympathetic division

Question 18

Portion of the nervous system associated with the epithet of rest and digest.

Answer 18

Parasympathetic division

Question 19

functions as a neurotransmitter in somatic nerve and parasympathetic nerve fibers

Answer 19

Acetylcholine (as neurotransmitter)

Question 20

a neurotransmitter of the brain that plays an essential role in the regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions.

Answer 20

Norepinephrine (as neurotransmitter)

Question 21

grouping of nerve cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord

Answer 21

Ganglion

Question 22

innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

Answer 22

Dual innervation

Question 23

the sympathetic system prepares the body for intense physical activity in emergencies and stress (physically or mentally); the heart rate increases, blood glucose level rises, and blood is diverted to the skeletal muscles (away from the visceral organs and skin).

Answer 23

Mass activation

Question 24

receptors for acetylcholine located in autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions.

Answer 24

Nicotinic receptor

Question 25

receptors for acetylcholine stimulated by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

Answer 25

Muscarinic receptor

Question 26

a technique you can use to learn to control some of your body's functions, such as your heart rate

Answer 26

Biofeedback

Question 27

one of the various types of neural tissue cells responsible for maintenance of the tissue, and largely responsible for supporting the functions of neurons

Answer 27

Glial cell

Question 28

conducts impulse toward the CNS

Answer 28

Afferent

Question 29

conducts impulse away from the CNS

Answer 29

Efferent

Question 30

motor neuron innervating skeletal muscles

Answer 30

Somatic

Question 31

motor neuron innervating cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue

Answer 31

Autonomic

Question 32

glial cell type in the PNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in nerves

Answer 32

Schwann cell

Question 33

proteins that function to anchor synpatic vesicles in axon terminals to the presynaptic plasma membrane

Answer 33

SNARE complex

Question 34

lipid-rich layer of insulation that surrounds an axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS; facilitates the transmission of electrical signals

Answer 34

Myelin sheath

Question 35

the difference in voltage measured across a cell membrane under steady-state conditions, typically -70 mV

Answer 35

Resting membrane potential

Question 36

change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero; inside of the membrane becomes less negative compared to outside of the membrane

Answer 36

Depolarization

Question 37

return of the membrane potential to its normally negative voltage at the end of the action potential after depolarization

Answer 37

Repolarization

Question 38

increase in negativity of inside of cell membrane with respect to the resting membrane potential (membrane potential becomes more negative)

Answer 38

Hyperpolarization

Question 39

one of many branchlike processes that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapses) from other neurons or sensory cells

Answer 39

Dendrite

Question 40

ion channel that opens because of a change in the charge distributed across the membrane where it is located

Answer 40

Voltage regulated channel

Question 41

change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers

Answer 41

Action potential

Question 42

time during an action period when another action potential cannot be generated because the voltage-gated Na+ channel is inactivated

Answer 42

Absolute refractory period

Question 43

time during the refractory period when a new action potential can only be initiated by a stronger stimulus than the current action potential because voltage-gated K+ channels are not closed

Answer 43

Relative refractory period

Question 44

chemical signal that is released from the synaptic end bulb of a neuron to cause a change in the target cell

Answer 44

Neurotransmitters

Question 45

narrow junction across which a chemical signal passes from neuron to the next, initiating a new electrical signal in the target cell

Answer 45

Synapse

Question 46

change in the membrane potential that varies in size, depending on the size of the stimulus that elicits it

Answer 46

Graded potential

Question 47

graded potential in the postsynaptic membrane that is the result of depolarization and makes an action potential more likely to occur

Answer 47

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Question 48

graded potential in the postsynaptic membrane that is the result of hyperpolarization and makes an action potential less likely to occur

Answer 48

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Question 49

molecule that specifically binds to and activates a receptor protein

Answer 49

Agonist

Question 50

molecule that binds and reduces the activity of receptor proteins

Answer 50

Antagonist

Question 51

association of three membrane associated protein subunits, regulated by guanosine

Answer 51

G-protein

Question 52

neuron located in the CNS; also called association neuron

Answer 52

Interneuron

Question 53

record parietal and occipital regions for awake person w eyes closed

Answer 53

alpha waves

Question 54

record from frontal lobe with visual and mental stimuli

Answer 54

beta waves

Question 55

forms memory and is part of limbic system

Answer 55

hippocampus

Question 56

forebrain: thalamus and hypothalamus - relay sensory info except smell!

Answer 56

diencephalon

Question 57

sensory relay station allows you to prioritize info

Answer 57

thalamus function

Question 58

regulates circadian rhythms and chord plexus (sleep)

Answer 58

epithalamus

Question 59

motor control and maintains connections from cerebrum and cerebellum

Answer 59

midbrain

Question 60

produces: ADH, oxytocin released to posterior pituitary (extension of hypothalamus) produce releasing and inhibiting hormones transported and released by anterior pituitary

Answer 60

hypothalamus

Question 61

neurons leading to areas of limbic system - releases dopamine ("feel good" hormone)

Answer 61

dopaminergic neurons

Question 62

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

Answer 62

hindbrain

Question 63

sensory motor tracts(axons) from spinal cord to respiratory centers

Answer 63

pons

Question 64

controls complex motor skills and coordinates movements (motor learning)

Answer 64

cerebellum

Question 65

all ascending and descending tracts (axons) between the brain and spinal cord pass through medulla.

Answer 65

medula oblongata

Question 66

motor impulses to eye muscles, focus lens and regulates amount of light coming into eye

Answer 66

optic

Question 67

sensory impulses associated with equilibrium and hearing

Answer 67

vesitbulocochlear

Question 68

carries descending pathway fibers

Answer 68

ventral root

Question 69

carries ascending pathway fibers

Answer 69

dorsal root

Question 70

link efferent and afferent neurons directly together ex: knee jerk reflex

Answer 70

muscle stretch reflex