Lecture Exam 2- Ch.9

Question 1

the second major control system of your body
- Hormones travels through your blood
- regulate

Answer 1

endocrine

Question 2

any structure that makes & secretes a hormone

Answer 2

glands

Question 3

most hormones are ____- released by exocytosis from a cell

Answer 3

secreted

Question 4

endocrine gland: adrenal cortex

Major hormones: ___

Answer 4

• glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
• mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

Question 5

endocrine gland: adrenal medulla

Major hormones: ___

Answer 5

• epinephrine
• norepinephrine

Question 6

endocrine gland: hypothalamus

Major hormones: ___

Answer 6

releasing & inhibiting hormones

Question 7

endocrine gland: pancreas (islets of langerhans)

Major hormones: ___

Answer 7

• insulin
• glucagon

Question 8

endocrine gland: pineal gland

Major hormones: ___

Answer 8

melatonin

Question 9

endocrine gland: pituitary, anterior

Major hormones: ___

Answer 9

trophic hormones

Question 10

endocrine gland: pituitary, posterior

Major hormones: ___

Answer 10

• antidiuretic hormone
• oxytocin

Question 11

endocrine gland: thyroid gland

Major hormones: ___

Answer 11

• thyroxine (T4)
• triiodothyronine (T3)
• calcitonin

Question 12

hypothalamus

hormone: primary effect (function)

Answer 12

regulates secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

Question 13

glucocorticoids influence _____ _____; mineralocorticoids promote Na+ ____ and K+ ____

Answer 13

glucose metabolism; Na+ retention; K+ excretion

Question 14

insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose and formation of ____ and ___; glucagon stimulates _____ of glycogen and fat

Answer 14

glycogen and fat; hydrolysis

Question 15

melatonin affects secretion of ____ hormones

Answer 15

gonadotrophin

Question 16

trophic hormones stimulates growth and development of target organs; stimulates ___ of other hormones

Answer 16

secretion

Question 17

antidiuretic hormone promotes ___ ___ and vasoconstriction; oxytocin stimulates contraction of ___ and ___ secretory units

Answer 17

water retention; uterus and mammary

Question 18

diffuse across synapses to postsynaptic cells

Answer 18

chemical in the body may act as a neurotransmitter

Question 19

traveling through the blood

Answer 19

chemical in the body may act as a hormone

Question 20

similarities between hormone and neurotransmitter

Answer 20

• receptors
• change in the target cell
• regulation

Question 21

• synergistic
• permissive
• antagonistic

Answer 21

receptor regulation

Question 22

occur when two or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect
- ex: T3 & T4 work together to promote growth & development

Answer 22

synergistic

Question 23

occur when one hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone
- ex: female cycle

Answer 23

permissive

Question 24

occur when hormones work in opposite directions
- ex: insulin & glucagon on glucose

Answer 24

antagonistic

Question 25

prolonged exposure to high conc. of hormone may result in a decreased number of receptors, for that hormone

Answer 25

affinity

Question 26

the number of receptors increase in response to rising hormone levels

Answer 26

up-regulated

Question 27

number of receptors decrease in response to rising hormone levels

Answer 27

down-regulated

Question 28

posterior pituitary hormones synthesized in hypothalamus

Answer 28

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Question 29

involved in regulation of water balance and contracts blood vessels increasing blood pressure, stimuli occurs from changing the plasma osmolality (# of solutes)

Answer 29

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 30

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Answer 30

anterior pituitary

Question 31

1) specific high neural pathways influence secretion 2) neurotransmitters 3) negative feedback

Answer 31

what controls the original release (hypothalamus)

Question 32

1) regulatory hormone controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormone 2)anterior pituitary hormone then controls the secretion of the hormone form another endocrine gland 3) the last hormone does the action on its target cell

Question 32

1) regulatory hormone controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormone 2)anterior pituitary hormone then controls the secretion of the hormone form another endocrine gland 3) the last hormone does the action on its target cell

Question 33

1) regulatory hormone controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormone 2)anterior pituitary hormone then controls the secretion of the hormone form another endocrine gland 3) the last hormone does the action on its target cell

Answer 33

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system hormones: sequence of events

Question 34

the relationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and the target tissues is sometimes called an axis hypothalmus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Answer 34

negative feedback

Question 35

stimulate protein synthesis, promote mature of nervous system, increase rate of cell respiration

Answer 35

thyroid function

Question 36

- impaired growth - decreased T4 levels - slowed reflexes - lethargic

Answer 36

hypothyroid

Question 37

- accelerated growth - increased T4 levels - rapid reflexes - increased activity

Answer 37

hyperthroid

Question 38

secretion of thyroid hormone is controlled by __ from the anterior pituitary

Answer 38

TSH

Question 39

the stress hormones are

Answer 39

- glucocorticoids (cortisol) - epinephrine - CRH

Question 40

stress increases secretion of ___ which results in increases glucocorticoid release

Answer 40

ACTH

Question 41

- helps maintain normal BP - maintains conc. of certain enzymes (in liver) - anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects

Answer 41

cortisol under normal concentrations, in a homeostasis environment

Question 42

- maintain BP (vascular effect) - shutdown nonessential function like reproduction - inhibits inflammation & certain immune reposnses

Answer 42

functions of the hormone cortisol under stress

Question 43

stimulated by sympathetic axons

Answer 43

adrenal medulla hormones

Question 44

in adrenal medulla epinephrine moves

Answer 44

through the blood as a hormone

Question 45

adrenal medulla norepinephrine

Answer 45

could be a neurotransmitter if released by a neuron

Question 46

release of epi & NE in adrenal medulla effects

Answer 46

- increase cardiac output - respiratory rate

Question 47

primary energy source of brain

Answer 47

Blood glucose

Question 48

insulin is released by

Answer 48

pancreas

Question 49

insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing transport of glucose, it counters any activity that would increase levels of glucose

Answer 49

antagonistic effect

Question 50

alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon & stores excess glucose

Answer 50

glucagon

Question 51

low blood glucose

Answer 51

hypoglycemia

Question 52

elevated blood glucose

Answer 52

hyperglycemia

Question 53

beta cells of pancreas release insulin - glucose is removed from the blood and stored as glycogen in the liver

Answer 53

insulin

Question 54

melatonin secretion regulated by the

Answer 54

hypothalamus

Question 55

___ inhibit melatonin secretion, therefore highest levels of melatonin occurs during the night

Answer 55

AP