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PHYSIOLOGY > Lecture Exam 2- Ch.9 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2- Ch.9 Flashcards

1
Q

the second major control system of your body
- Hormones travels through your blood
- regulate

A

endocrine

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2
Q

any structure that makes & secretes a hormone

A

glands

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3
Q

most hormones are ____- released by exocytosis from a cell

A

secreted

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4
Q

endocrine gland: adrenal cortex

Major hormones: ___

A
  • glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
  • mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
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5
Q

endocrine gland: adrenal medulla

Major hormones: ___

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
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6
Q

endocrine gland: hypothalamus

Major hormones: ___

A

releasing & inhibiting hormones

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7
Q

endocrine gland: pancreas (islets of langerhans)

Major hormones: ___

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
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8
Q

endocrine gland: pineal gland

Major hormones: ___

A

melatonin

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9
Q

endocrine gland: pituitary, anterior

Major hormones: ___

A

trophic hormones

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10
Q

endocrine gland: pituitary, posterior

Major hormones: ___

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
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11
Q

endocrine gland: thyroid gland

Major hormones: ___

A
  • thyroxine (T4)
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
  • calcitonin
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12
Q

hypothalamus

hormone: primary effect (function)

A

regulates secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

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13
Q

glucocorticoids influence _____ _____; mineralocorticoids promote Na+ ____ and K+ ____

A

glucose metabolism; Na+ retention; K+ excretion

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14
Q

insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose and formation of ____ and ___; glucagon stimulates _____ of glycogen and fat

A

glycogen and fat; hydrolysis

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15
Q

melatonin affects secretion of ____ hormones

A

gonadotrophin

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16
Q

trophic hormones stimulates growth and development of target organs; stimulates ___ of other hormones

A

secretion

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17
Q

antidiuretic hormone promotes ___ ___ and vasoconstriction; oxytocin stimulates contraction of ___ and ___ secretory units

A

water retention; uterus and mammary

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18
Q

diffuse across synapses to postsynaptic cells

A

chemical in the body may act as a neurotransmitter

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19
Q

traveling through the blood

A

chemical in the body may act as a hormone

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20
Q

similarities between hormone and neurotransmitter

A
  • receptors
  • change in the target cell
  • regulation
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21
Q
  • synergistic
  • permissive
  • antagonistic
A

receptor regulation

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22
Q

occur when two or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect
- ex: T3 & T4 work together to promote growth & development

A

synergistic

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23
Q

occur when one hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone
- ex: female cycle

A

permissive

24
Q

occur when hormones work in opposite directions
- ex: insulin & glucagon on glucose

A

antagonistic

25
Q

prolonged exposure to high conc. of hormone may result in a decreased number of receptors, for that hormone

A

affinity

26
Q

the number of receptors increase in response to rising hormone levels

A

up-regulated

27
Q

number of receptors decrease in response to rising hormone levels

A

down-regulated

28
Q

posterior pituitary hormones synthesized in hypothalamus

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

29
Q

involved in regulation of water balance and contracts blood vessels increasing blood pressure, stimuli occurs from changing the plasma osmolality (# of solutes)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

30
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

anterior pituitary

31
Q

1) specific high neural pathways influence secretion
2) neurotransmitters
3) negative feedback

A

what controls the original release (hypothalamus)

32
Q

1) regulatory hormone controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormone
2)anterior pituitary hormone then controls the secretion of the hormone form another endocrine gland
3) the last hormone does the action on its target cell

A
32
Q

1) regulatory hormone controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormone
2)anterior pituitary hormone then controls the secretion of the hormone form another endocrine gland
3) the last hormone does the action on its target cell

A
33
Q

1) regulatory hormone controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormone
2)anterior pituitary hormone then controls the secretion of the hormone form another endocrine gland
3) the last hormone does the action on its target cell

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system hormones: sequence of events

34
Q

the relationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and the target tissues is sometimes called an axis

hypothalmus-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

negative feedback

35
Q

stimulate protein synthesis, promote mature of nervous system, increase rate of cell respiration

A

thyroid function

36
Q
  • impaired growth
  • decreased T4 levels
  • slowed reflexes
  • lethargic
A

hypothyroid

37
Q
  • accelerated growth
  • increased T4 levels
  • rapid reflexes
  • increased activity
A

hyperthroid

38
Q

secretion of thyroid hormone is controlled by __ from the anterior pituitary

A

TSH

39
Q

the stress hormones are

A
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • epinephrine
  • CRH
40
Q

stress increases secretion of ___ which results in increases glucocorticoid release

A

ACTH

41
Q
  • helps maintain normal BP
  • maintains conc. of certain enzymes (in liver)
  • anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects
A

cortisol under normal concentrations, in a homeostasis environment

42
Q
  • maintain BP (vascular effect)
  • shutdown nonessential function like reproduction
  • inhibits inflammation & certain immune reposnses
A

functions of the hormone cortisol under stress

43
Q

stimulated by sympathetic axons

A

adrenal medulla hormones

44
Q

in adrenal medulla epinephrine moves

A

through the blood as a hormone

45
Q

adrenal medulla norepinephrine

A

could be a neurotransmitter if released by a neuron

46
Q

release of epi & NE in adrenal medulla effects

A
  • increase cardiac output
  • respiratory rate
47
Q

primary energy source of brain

A

Blood glucose

48
Q

insulin is released by

A

pancreas

49
Q

insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing transport of glucose, it counters any activity that would increase levels of glucose

A

antagonistic effect

50
Q

alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon & stores excess glucose

A

glucagon

51
Q

low blood glucose

A

hypoglycemia

52
Q

elevated blood glucose

A

hyperglycemia

53
Q

beta cells of pancreas release insulin
- glucose is removed from the blood and stored as glycogen in the liver

A

insulin

54
Q

melatonin secretion regulated by the

A

hypothalamus

55
Q

___ inhibit melatonin secretion, therefore highest levels of melatonin occurs during the night

A

AP

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

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