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PHYSIOLOGY > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The state of dynamic constancy in the internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point (negative = self-corrective)

A

negative feedback

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3
Q

monitors a physiological value (detect change), which is then reported to the control center

A

sensors

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4
Q

compares the value to the normal range (set point), if the value deviates too much from the set point, the … activates an effector

A

control center

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5
Q

causes a change to reverse the situation & return the value to the set point

A

effector

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6
Q

Stimulus: body temperature exceeds 37 C
Sensor: nerve cells in skin and brain
Control: temperature regulatory center in brain
Effector: sweat glands throughout body

A

example of negative feedback

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7
Q

regulation of other body systems
- Ex: brain, spinal cord, nerves

A

nervous system

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8
Q

secretion of regulatory molecules called hormones
- Ex: hormone-secreting glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals

A

endocrine system

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9
Q

movements of the skeleton
- Ex: Skeletal muscles

A

muscular system

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10
Q

movement of blood and lymph
- Ex: heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

A

circulatory system

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11
Q

defense of the body against invading pathogens
- Ex: Bone marrow, lymphoid organs

A

immune system

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12
Q

gas exchange
- Ex: lungs, airways

A

respiratory system

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13
Q

regulation of blood volume and composition
- Ex: kidneys, ureters, urethra

A

urinary system

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14
Q

breakdown of food into molecules that enter the body
- Ex: mouth, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

A

digestive system

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15
Q

continuation of the human species
- Ex: Gonads, external genitalia, associated glands and ducts

A

reproductive system

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16
Q

protection, thermoregulation
- Ex: skin, hair, nails

A

integumentary system

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17
Q

movement and support
- Ex: bones, cartilages

A

skeletal system

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18
Q

1) Increased plasma osmolality stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

2) Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus then stimulate the tract of axons that terminate in the posterior pituitary, causing it to release an antidiuretic hormone into the blood (AKA ADH or vasopressin)

3) ADH acts on the kidneys to promote water retention, so a lower volume of more concentrated urine is secreted

4) The dehydrated person drinks more and urinates less

A

mechanism of negative feedback

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19
Q

Moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge across that membrane, which is directly dependent on ATP.

A

primary active transport

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20
Q

Results in the interior being slightly more negative relative to the exterior- electrochemical gradient (which is then used during the second AT)

A

sodium-potassium pump

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21
Q

It does not directly require ATP: instead, it is the movement of material due to the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport.

A

secondary active transport

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22
Q
  • ATP is not required, but chemical energy from Na+ moving down its concentration gradient provides energy for glucose to move from high to low concentration
  • Requires that proteins have two binding sites (one for each molecule)
  • Primary AT will move Na+ back out of the cell, maintaining the gradient
A

secondary active transport

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23
Q

transported molecules are moved in the same directions
- Ex: Na+ enters the carrier protein (towards ↓ concentration) & glucose enters protein at the same time (towards ↑ concentration)

A

cotransport (symport)

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24
Q

transported molecules are moved in opposite directions
- Ex: proximal tubules of the kidneys, where sodium ions move from the tubule’s lumen to the tubular cell’s interior, while hydrogen ions are counter-transported into the tubule lumen.

A

countertransport (antiport)

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25
Q

A naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to exert any of its energy to accomplish the movement

A

passive transport

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26
Q

Transport mechanisms that require the cell’s energy, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

active transport

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27
Q

the diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity.
- Ex: Glucose molecules use facilitated diffusion to move down a concentration gradient through the carrier protein channels in the membrane.

A

facilitated diffusion

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28
Q
  • Pump activated by phosphorylation using phosphate from ATP
  • Moves 3 Na+ to extracellular fluid & 2 K+ to intracellular (both against concentration gradient)
  • Maintains distribution of high intracellular K and low Na
  • Transporter high affinity for Na+
  • Reduces affinity for Na+ & affinity is now for K+ switching the protein to open back to extracellular side
A

sodium-potassium pump

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29
Q

random movement of molecules from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentrations

A

diffusion

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30
Q
  • concentration gradient
  • mass of molecule
  • temperature
  • solvent density
  • solubility
  • surface area
  • distance traveled
  • plasma membrane thickness
A

factors that affect the rate of diffusion

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31
Q

↑ the difference in concentration, _____ diffusion

A

↑ (more rapid)

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32
Q

Heavier molecules move _____

A

more slowly

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33
Q

↑ temp ↑ the energy & molecules movement, _____ diffusion

A

↑ increase

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34
Q

density of solvent ↑, diffusion rate ____

A

↓ (decreases)

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35
Q

Nonpolar/lipid-soluble materials pass through plasma membranes more ____ than polar, making them have a _____ diffusion rate

A

easily; faster

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36
Q

↑ SA, ____diffusion rate, but thicker membranes ____ it

A

↑ (increases); reduces

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37
Q

↑ distance, ____ diffusion rate

A

decrease (slower)

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38
Q

graded potential in the postsynaptic membrane that is the result of depolarization and makes an action potential more likely to occur

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

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39
Q

graded potential in the postsynaptic membrane that is the result of hyperpolarization and makes an action potential less likely to occur

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

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40
Q
  • Opening K+ or Cl- channels results in a graded hyperpolarization
  • Brings postsynaptic membrane further from threshold(hyperpolarizing)
  • Decreasing the likelihood of an action potential
A

IPSP

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41
Q
  • Opening Na+ or Ca 2+ channels results in a graded depolarization
  • Brings postsynaptic membrane closer to the threshold (depolarizing)
  • Is a graded potential
A

EPSP

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42
Q

CNS is composed of

A

brain & spinal cord

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43
Q
  • Autonomic nervous center functions: cardio & respiratory
  • All ascending & descending tracts between the brain & spinal cord pass through the medulla
  • Relay sensory info to the thalamus
A

functions of the medulla oblongata

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44
Q

neurons that innervate skeletal muscle
- within the CNS
- Voluntary responses; skeletal muscles
- No ganglia
- 1 neuron from CNS to effector
- Type of neuromuscular junction: specialized motor end plate
- Effect of nerve impulse on muscle: excitatory only

A

somatic nervous system

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45
Q

innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine/endocrine glands, and adipose tissue/ viscera
- Automatic/ involuntary
- Innervate organs whose functions are not normallyvvoluntarily controlled
- Controls cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue
- Involuntary responses (ex: homeostasis)
- Subdivisions: parasympathetic & sympathetic & enteric (Enteric: nerves innervate the walls of the GI tract)

A

autonomic nervous system

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46
Q

cell body is in the gray matter of the brain/ spinal cord
- Does not directly innervate organ that will be stimulated

A

preganglionic

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47
Q

axon extends from autonomic ganglion to effector organ where it synapses in target organ (cardiac & smooth muscles, gland)

A

postganglionic

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48
Q

one organ receiving sympathetic & parasympathetic input

A

Dual innervation

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49
Q
  • decreases heart rate
  • Relaxes bladder sphincter
A

parasympathetic

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50
Q
  • Increases heart rate
  • Dilates and constricts veins
  • Contracts bladder sphincter
A

sympathetic

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51
Q

divergence of impulses to ganglia of the sympathetic system and convergence of impulse within ganglia
- Increasing activity in response to fight or flight situations

A

Mass activation

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52
Q

“Group texts”

  • Located in the thoracolumbar (thoracic & lumbar) regions of the spinal cord
  • Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic neurons and the secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
  • Heart rate, blood pressure increase
  • Blood increases to skeletal muscles, heart and brain: the essentials you need in that moment
A

sympathetic

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53
Q
  • Adrenal medulla is a modified part of the sympathetic nervous system
  • Adrenal medulla will secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline) from preganglionic sympathetic neurons into the blood
  • Norepinephrine from postganglionic sympathetic neurons
A

Relationship between sympathetic and adrenal medulla

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54
Q

“One-one text”

  • Located in the craniosacral (cranial nerves and sacral) portion of the spinal cord
  • Releases ACh from postganglionic neurons
  • Slows heart rate (decreases the rate of pacemaker cells) and increases digestive activities
  • No mass activation (not normally activated as a whole)
A

parasympathetic

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55
Q
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Release norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (epi) from postganglionic neurons only (alpha and beta receptors)
A

adrenergic

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56
Q
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Release ACh from preganglionic neurons and from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
  • Different types of receptors:
    —–Nicotinic receptors: found on preganglionic cell bodies of ALL autonomic ganglia
    —–Muscarinic receptors: found on effector cell membranes
A

cholinergic

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57
Q

Postsynaptic membrane of:
- All autonomic ganglia
- All neuromuscular junctions
- Some CNS pathways

Depolarization → Excitation

A

Nicotinic ACh receptors

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58
Q

Produces parasympathetic nerve effects in the heart, smooth muscles, and glands

Depolarization —(k+ channels closed)→ Excitation
- Causes smooth muscles of digestive tract to contract

A

Muscarinic ACh receptors

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59
Q

G-protein-coupled receptors (receptors influence ion channels by means of G-proteins)

Hyperpolarization —(k+ channels opened)→ Inhibition
- Produces slower heart rate

A

Muscarinic ACh receptors

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60
Q
  1. Regulatory hormone controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormone
  2. Anterior pituitary hormone then controls the secretion of a hormone from another endocrine gland
  3. The last hormone does the action on its target cell
    —Ex: thyroid releases T3 and T4 hormones to do the action intended of this sequence
A

the sequence of events for hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal hormones

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61
Q

endocrine gland: adrenal medulla

Major hormones: ___

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
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62
Q

endocrine gland: adrenal cortex

Major hormones: ___

A
  • glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
  • mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
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63
Q

endocrine gland: hypothalamus

Major hormones: ___

A

releasing & inhibiting hormones

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64
Q

endocrine gland: pancreas (islets of langerhans)

Major hormones: ___

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
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65
Q

endocrine gland: pineal gland

Major hormones: ___

A

melatonin

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66
Q

endocrine gland: pituitary, anterior

Major hormones: ___

A

trophic hormones

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67
Q

endocrine gland: pituitary, posterior

Major hormones: ___

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
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68
Q

endocrine gland: thyroid gland

Major hormones: ___

A
  • thyroxine (T4)
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
  • calcitonin
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69
Q

antidiuretic hormone promotes ___ ___ and vasoconstriction; oxytocin stimulates contraction of ___ and ___ secretory units

A

water retention; uterus and mammary

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70
Q

posterior pituitary hormones synthesized in hypothalamus

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

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71
Q

involved in regulation of water balance and contracts blood vessels increasing blood pressure, stimuli occurs from changing the plasma osmolality (# of solutes)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

72
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

anterior pituitary

73
Q

the stress hormones are

A
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • epinephrine
  • CRH
74
Q

in adrenal medulla epinephrine moves

A

through the blood as a hormone

75
Q

adrenal medulla norepinephrine

A

could be a neurotransmitter if released by a neuron

76
Q

insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing transport of glucose, it counters any activity that would increase levels of glucose

A

antagonistic effect

77
Q

alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon & store excess glucose
- stimulates glycogenolysis (glycogen in the liver is broken down into glucose and released into the blood)

A

glucagon (hypoglycemia)

78
Q

____: low blood glucose

____: elevated blood glucose

A

hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia

79
Q

beta cells of pancreas release insulin
- glucose is removed from the blood and stored as glycogen in the liver

A

insulin (hyperglycemia)

80
Q

-Ca2+ enables ACh to be released across the space between the axon terminal and the motor end plate
-ACh binds to nicotinic ACh receptors
*Electrical excitation of a muscle results in muscle contraction
—Meaning: Nervous system stimulates muscle fiber, action potential in muscle fibers contracts it

A

excitation-contraction coupling

81
Q

polypeptide chains form two globular heads and a tail

A

thick filaments: myosin

82
Q

area that exerts force on the thin filament

A

heads of myosin forms crossbridge

83
Q

thin filaments: mostly made of the protein ___ and also includes the regulatory proteins ___ and ___

A

actin; troponin & tropomyosin

84
Q

overlaps binding sites blocking cross bridge

A

tropomyosin

85
Q

Ca2+ binding to _____ regulates skeletal muscle contraction bc it moves the tropomyosin away and allows myosin to interact with the actin

A

troponin

86
Q
  • AP starts in Muscle Cell
  • T-tubule Voltage gated calcium channel: open when membrane is depolarization
  • Direct link to Ca2+ release channels in Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Relaxation results as Ca2+ is pumped into S. Reticulum when AP stop
A

the neuromuscular junction: post-synaptic-muscle cell

87
Q
  • Initiated when excitation-contraction coupling increases cytosolic Ca2+ and binding sites on actin are exposed
A

the cross-bridge cycle

88
Q

what step of the CBC?

the active site on actin is exposed as Ca2+ binds troponin

A

step 1

89
Q

what step of the CBC?

the myosin head forms a cross bridge with actin

A

step 2

90
Q

what step of the CBC?

during the power stroke, the myosin head bends, and ADP and phosphate are released

A

step 3

91
Q

what step of the CBC?

a new molecule of ATP attached to the myosin head, causing the cross bridge to detach

A

step 4

92
Q

what step of the CBC?

ATP hydrolyzes to ADP and phosphate, which returns the myosin to the “cocked” position

A

step 5

93
Q

what is happening in steps 1 & 2 of CBC

A

bind actin + myosin –> lose phosphate

94
Q

what is happening in step 3 & 4 of CBC

A

lose ADP powerstroke

95
Q

what is happening is step 5 & 6 in CBC

A

gain ATP and gain energy

96
Q

The overlapping thick and thin filaments in each sarcomere move past each other, propelled by movements of the cross-bridges. Filaments do not change length but slide.

  • I band decreasing in length
A

sliding filament mechanism

97
Q

excitation = contraction coupling __ Ca2+

Excitation =. AP, depolarized, all from neuron up until _____

A

decreases; Ca2+ release

98
Q
  • A long _______ prevents summation and tetanus
  • Allows the heart to refill w/ blood
  • Almost as long as contraction itself preventing re-excitation during contraction
A

refractory period of the heart

99
Q

the electrocardiogram:
p = __
QRS = __
T = __

A

atrial depolarization; ventricular depolarization; ventricular repolarization

100
Q
  • ________ typically doesn’t register (Happens at the same time as QRS)
  • The waves recorded on the ECG may vary depending on the placement of the electrodes
A

atrial repolarization

101
Q

diastole is the ___ phase of the ventricles where blood refills the ventricles

A

relaxation phase

102
Q

all the events involved with the flow of blood through the heart during one heart beat
- average 72 beats/min

A

contraction: cardiac cycle

103
Q

____: arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.

____: carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

A

systemic circulation; pulmonary circulation

104
Q
  1. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from right atrium into right ventricle by tricuspid valve
  2. Deoxygenated blood is pumped through pulmonary semilunar valves
  3. Deoxygenated blood goes through pulmonary trunk
  4. Deoxygenated blood goes into left and right pulmonary arteries
  5. Pulmonary arteries bring blood into lungs where blood picks up oxygen and drops off CO2 at capillaries
  6. Oxygenated blood is carried out of lungs and into left atrium by pulmonary veins
A

pulmonary circulation

105
Q
  1. Oxygenated blood is pumped through bicuspid or mitral valve into left ventricle
  2. Oxygenated blood is carried through aortic semilunar valve into aorta
  3. Aorta distributes oxygenated blood to body
  4. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through superior and inferior vena cava
A

systemic circulation

106
Q

____: volume of blood in ventricles just before contraction (EDV)- end of diastole

____: the volume remaining in ventricle after ejection (ESV)

A

preload; afterload

107
Q

average SV values for adults at rest

A

70-80 ml stroke volume

108
Q

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland if fluid is lost

A

plasma volume

109
Q

Branching in the system ensures all cells are close to capillaries. Nutrients and metabolic end products need to move between the blood in the capillaries to the cells. (through diffusion)
- main function: supply nutrients & hormones

A

vessels in circulatory system

110
Q

Performing the ultimate function of the entire system: exchange of nutrients, metabolic end products and cell secretions
- no smooth muscle

A

the capillary network

111
Q

At the beginning of systole all valves are closed so no blood is ejected, atria is relaxed & ventricles contract

A

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

112
Q

at the beginning of diastole all valves closed, rapid filling, no movement of blood, both atria and ventricles relaxed

A

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation:

113
Q

smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded by interstitial fluid

A

capillary

114
Q

initial phase of the ventricular diastole when pressure in the ventricles drops below pressure in the two major arteries, the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, and blood attempts to flow back into the ventricles, producing the dicrotic notch of the ECG and closing the two semilunar valves

A

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

115
Q

receptors for arterial blood pressure located in the aortic arch and the carotid sinuses

A

baroreceptors

116
Q

step 1:

At the beginning of systole all valves are closed so no blood is ejected, atria is relaxed & ventricles contract

A

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction:

117
Q

step 2:

Increasing pressure in ventricles leads to aortic and pulmonary valves opening and blood ejection. Contraction and shortening of ventricle muscle fibers

A

ejection
(steps 1 & 2: systole)

118
Q

step 3:

at the beginning of diastole all valves closed, no movement of blood in early diastole

A

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation:

119
Q

step 4:

AV valves open, blood flows into ventricles from atria. Atria contract while ventricles relax

A

atrial contraction
(steps 3 & 4: diastole)

120
Q

AV valves open when atrial pressures are ___ than ventricular pressures and close when reversed

Semilunar valves open when ventricular pressures are __ than aortic pulmonary pressures and closed when reversed

A

higher; higher

121
Q

Blood flows from higher to lower pressure
- Contraction ___ pressure
- Relaxation _____ pressure

A

increases; decreases

122
Q

_____ communication with the heat through ACh and the muscarinic ACh receptor lowers heart rate to resting rate

_____ communication with heart through norepinephrine and epinephrine raises heart rate

Parasympathetic activity decreases, sympathetic activity increases

A

Parasympathetic ; Sympathetic

123
Q

movement of O2 from lungs into blood; CO2 from blood to lungs

A

external respiration (gas exchange)

124
Q

movement of O2 from blood into tissue cells; CO2 from cells into blood

A

internal respiration (gas exchange)

125
Q

the passageway of O2:

A

pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> lungs –> alveoli –> capillaries

126
Q

all pressures are relative to _____
- 760 mmHg at sea level (P atm)

A

atmospheric pressure
(cant change)

127
Q

changes to drive the movement of air

A

intra-alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary- inside the lungs)

128
Q

Palv is less than Patm = ___

Palv greater than Patm = ___

A

inspiration; expiration

129
Q

pressure in pleural space, Pip
- fluctuates with breathing, but it is always less than Palv

A

intrapleural pressure

130
Q

holding lungs open Ptp = Palv - Pip
- difference in pressure allows lungs to stick to the chest wall (keeps lungs in place)

A

transpulmonary

131
Q

Inspiration:
- lungs are expanding
- diaphragm is ____
- intrapulmonary pressure is ___ than atmospheric pressure
- intrapleural is _____

A

flattened; lower; below both alveoli and atm pressure

132
Q

Expiration:
- Atm = 0
- diaphragm is ____ = “dome”
- alveoli pressure is ___ than atm
- intrapleural pressure is ___

A

relaxed; higher; below alveoli & atm

133
Q

At rest:
- atm = ___
- intrapulmonary pressure = ___
- intrapleural pressure = ___

A

0; 0 (same as atm); -5 (below)

134
Q
  • the movement of air from external environment into the alveoli of the lungs
  • initiated by motor neurons firing AP to intercostals muscles (between ribs) and diaphragm
  • diaphragm contracts
  • ACTIVE MOVEMENT
  • enlarging thoracic cavity allows lungs to enlarge and cause increase in size of alveoli
A

inspiration (breathing IN)

135
Q
  • air from alveoli to external environment
  • motor neurons decreases AP to diaphragm and intercostals, muscles relax
  • air in alveoli gets compressed as lungs become smaller, air moves out
  • Palv > Patm
  • PASSIVE movement
A

expiration (breathing OUT)

136
Q

respiratory rhythm generated in ___

_____ neurons- breathing depends on these muscle movements, especially the diaphragm

A

medulla oblongata; motor
(neural input)

137
Q

when muscles contract in the chest wall the chest expands
- diaphragm is contracted downward & thoracic cavity is larger

A

inspiration

138
Q

muscles relax and recoil drives passive expiration back out

A

expiration

139
Q

____:when plasma H+ concentration increases, pH drops below 7.4

____: when plasma H+ concentration decreases, pH rises above 7.4

A

acidosis; alkalosis

140
Q

___: arterial H+ concentration increase due to CO2

___: results from decreasing arterial Pco2 and H+ concentration

A

respiratory acidosis; respiratory alkalosis

141
Q
  • low pH
  • cause of respiratory acidosis
  • alveolar ventilation can’t keep up (too slow)
  • High CO2
A

hypoventilation

142
Q
  • high pH
  • cause of respiratory alkalosis
  • alveolar ventilation too fast
  • low CO2
A

hyperventilation

143
Q

plasma concentration of CO2 is abnormally increased, inadequate pulmonary ventilation

A

hypoventilation

144
Q

increased ventilation rate that leads to abnormally low blood carbon dioxide levels and high (alkaline) blood pH

A

hyperventilation

145
Q

____: acidosis due to processes other than respiration, low blood pH

____: alkalosis due to processes other than respiration, rising blood pH

A

metabolic acidosis; metabolic alkalosis

146
Q
  • respiratory rate (HYPO)
  • increase CO2
  • increase H+
  • decrease pH
  • decrease bicarbonate
A

acidosis

147
Q
  • respiratory rate (HYPER)
  • decrease CO2
  • decrease H+
  • increase pH
  • increase bicarbonate
A

alkalosis

148
Q

function of kidneys: regulate

A

water (volume of blood/ dehydration), pH of extracellular fluid (blood plasma & interstitial fluid), inorganic ions

149
Q

function of kidneys: remove

A

wastes and foreign chemicals from blood to excrete as urine

150
Q

function of kidneys: produce

A
  • erythropoietin (hormone)
  • renin (enzyme)
  • 1,25- dihydroxy vitamin D (hormone- calcium balance)
151
Q
  1. Reflex is stimulated by filling of the bladder
  2. Nervous system tells smooth muscle (detrusor) to contract
  3. Voluntarily relax skeletal external sphincter = excretion
A

urination

152
Q

____: somatic motor neurons stimulate external urethral sphincter

____: somatic motor neurons inhibit external urethral sphincter

A

guarding reflex; voiding reflex

153
Q

the bladder stores urine until it is excreted from the body by the ___

A

micturition reflex

154
Q

Micturition is initiated by a _______ which causes the smooth muscle of the bladder walls (detrusor muscle) to contract and expel the urine

A

nervous reflex

155
Q

_________= more aquaporings=more water retained=less water secreted

A

more vasopressin

156
Q

_____is triggered by increase in plasma osmolality and decrease in ECF
-stimulate vasopressin

A

thirst

157
Q

Permeability varies depending on location in tubule and presence of

A

aquaporins

158
Q

large amounts of water in urine due to low vasopressin

A

water diuresis

159
Q

vasopressin stimulates presence of ____ in the ___, without it permeability is low

A

Aquaporins; collecting ducts

160
Q

after vasopressin locks in, ________ activates enzyme that causes proteins to increase rate of fusion of vesicles to membrane

A

secondary messenger

161
Q

compound that increases urine output, leading to decreased water conservation

A

Diuretic

162
Q

stores and concentrates bile

A

Gallbladder

163
Q

Bile ___ from the liver, exits to the duodenum via the _____

A

enters; common bile duct

164
Q

pressure receptors stimulates by food or drink on the pharynx send ___ impulses to ____

A

afferent; medulla oblongata

165
Q

is a bile pigment absorbed into blood and when modified by bacterial enzymes it is converted to Urobilinogen. This is secreted into the renal system to give urine its yellow color. Derivatives also give feces its brown color

A

Bilirubin

166
Q

a specialized vasculature that delivers absorbed nutrients to the liver from processing before they enter the general systemic circulation

A

Hepatic portal system

167
Q
  • serves as a secretory organ
  • secretes bile
  • processes and stores nutrients
  • serves as a filter and functions in the removal of old red blood cells
A

liver

168
Q
  • most important digestive component
  • combines with lecithin to help solubilize fat in the small intestine
A

bile salts

169
Q

Nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine and are carried via capillaries to the ______

A

hepatic portal vein

170
Q

____rid the body of substances by secretion into bile canaliculi and then the common bile duct

A

hepatocytes

171
Q

___ and ___ join the common bile duct from the liver before entering the duodenum

A

bile duct; pancreatic duct

172
Q

ADH stimulates the insertion of _______ into the plasma membrane of the cells of the collecting duct. ADH is secreted by the ________ in response to dehydration.

A

Aquaporins; posterior pituitary

173
Q
  • detoxification of blood
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • secretion of bile
A

major categories of liver function (3)

174
Q
  • phagocytosis
  • chemical alteration of biologically active molecules (hormones and drugs)
  • production of urea, uric acid, and other molecule that are less toxic
  • excretion of molecules in bile
A

detoxification of blood

175
Q
  • conversion of blood glucose to glycogen and fat
  • production of glucose from live glycogen and from other molecules (amino acids, lactic acid) by gluconeogenesis
  • secretion of glucose into the blood
A

Carbohydrate metabolism

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

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