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PHYSIOLOGY > Module 15- Immune system > Flashcards

Module 15- Immune system Flashcards

1
Q
  • dilates blood vessels and induces inflammation through the release of histamines and heparin
  • recruits macrophages and neutrophils
  • involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens but can also be responsible for allergic reactions
  • location: connective tissues, mucus membranes
A

mast cells

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2
Q
  • a phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells
  • stimulates response of other immune cells
  • location: migrates from blood vessels into tissues
A

macrophage

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3
Q
  • presents antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity

-location: present in epithelial tissue, including skin, lung & tissues of the digestive tract. Migrates to lymph nodes upon activation

A

dendritic cell

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4
Q
  • releases toxins that kill or inhibit bacteria and fungi, recruits other immune cells to the site of infection
  • first responder at the site of infection or trauma
  • location: migrates from blood vessels into tissues
A

neutrophil

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5
Q

mature in bone marrow (B cells and NK cells) and thymus (T cells); activation in peripheral lymphoid organs

A

lymphocytes

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6
Q
  1. initiate antibody-mediated immune responses by binding specific antigens to the B cells’ plasma membrane receptors, which are immunoglobulins
  2. upon activation, are transformed into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
  3. present antigen to helper T cells
A

B cells

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7
Q

bind to antigens on plasma membrane of target cells (virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and tissue transplants) and directly destroy the cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

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8
Q

secrete cytokines that help to activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and macrophages

A

Helper T cells

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9
Q

Defend against pathogens (viruses) and microbes (bacteria or fungal cells).

Also remove foreign bodies and destroy cancer cells within the body

A

overall function of the immune system

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10
Q

Lymphocytes that recognize cells in adaptive immune responses

A

lymphoid (T & B cells)

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11
Q

white blood cells that are able to leave circulatory system (between endothelial cells)
-two groups:
– (1) myeloid & lymphoid
– (2) lymphoid

A

leukocytes

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12
Q

found in almost all organs and tissues, located where they encounter pathogens/ particles trying to enter the body

A

macrophages

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13
Q

process phagocytized pathogens, main antigen-presenting cell to T cells

A

dendritic

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14
Q

release histamine, help stimulate innate immune response

A

mast cells

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15
Q

protein messengers (regulatory)
-produced by a variety of immune cells
-allows different immune system cells to “talk” to one another via chemical messages

A

cytokines

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16
Q

vital to the timing of immune response

A

cross-talk

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17
Q

a chemical messenger that regulates cell differentiation (from and function), proliferation (production), and gene expression to affect immune responses

A

cytokine

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18
Q

Lymphocyte development, cells are not activated by specific antigens yet.

A

primary lymphoid organs

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19
Q
  • bone marrow: produces ___
  • thymus: produces ___
A

B cells; T cells

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20
Q

activation
- mainly: spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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21
Q

inherited general defense (nonspecific)

A

innate defense

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22
Q

cells change throughout lifetime to combat pathogen

A

adaptive defense (specific)

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23
Q
  • stimulate production of specific antibodies
  • are proteins or polysaccharides
  • any molecule the host does not recognize as ‘self’
A

antigen

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24
Q

recognize specific foreign molecules called antigens

A

lymphocytes

25
- These defenses recognize some general signature making the invader as foreign (toll-like receptors) - Does not require memory, or past exposure- its inherited
Nonspecific defense first line of defense
26
- Physical barriers (prevent) - Fever (symptoms) - Phagocytosis (symptoms) - Interferons
nonspecific defenses include
27
1. encounter and recognition 2. lymphocyte activation 3. attack is launched
3 stages of adaptive immune response
28
each lymphocyte presents a receptor for a specific antigen - lymphocyte receptor determined during development - once the specific antigen is recognized, it is bound to its lymphocyte
encounter and recognition
29
- once antigen is bound, lymphocyte undergoes rapid mitotic division - some lymphocytes are used in attacking antigens, the rest are stored (memory cells)
lymphocyte activation
30
- b cells differentiate to plasma cells and dump antibodies into circulation - cytotoxic t cells directly attack antigen
Attack is launched
31
- mature in bone marrow - differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies
lymphocyte B cells
32
B cells remain at the location of activation and send ___ ___ to travel through your body looking for specific antigens
plasma cells
33
B cells trigger an ________: targets are bacteria, viruses, toxins
antibody-mediated responses
34
only ___ antibody per plasma cell meaning one receptor unique to binding with that antigen -human body therefore has to have a lot of B cells to code for lots of different antigens
one
35
the microbe to phagocytes. They do not do the killing themselves, they recognize - travel the fluids of the body (circulatory & lymphatic systems) to find pathogens
antibodies
36
- mature in the thymus - receptors again are unique to one antigen - cell-mediated, need MHC & antigen to bind
lymphocyte T cells
37
travel to targets and kill it by binding to the antigen and secreting chemicals - can occur to body's own cells that are infected or cancerous - kills viral and fungal infections
cytotoxic T cells
38
assists the functions and activation of B cells through direct contact, assists cytotoxic T cells through helping other immune cells - without these cells, the B and T cells could not function adequately
helper T cell
39
inhibits B and cytotoxic T cells - destroys own proteins, suppress inappropriate responses & prevent autoimmune diseases - people w autoimmune diseases may have problems w the these cells functioning correcting
regulatory T cell
40
expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells
Class I MHC
41
are expressed on the surface of macrophages, activated B cells, and dendritic cells (antigen presenting cells)
class II MHC
42
- antigens located intracellularly - T cell is focused on the destruction of body's own cells that are infected with viruses or cancerous - T cell kills the cell
Class I MHC proteins on cytotoxic T cells
43
viruses cause ___ ___ to manufacture viral proteins
host cell
44
___ ___ has genes altered that are coding for proteins not normally found in the body
cancerous cell
45
1. antigen is phagocytized by antigen presenting cell in a nonspecific response & broken down 2. antigen fragments bind to MHC II 3. vesicle presents MHC + antigen complex on the surface of antigen presenting cell 4. T cell now recognizes antigen as foreign and cytokines are released
class II MHC proteins on helper T cells
46
- After first contact with antigen a slow production of antibodies occurs, including production of memory cells - Generally takes 10-17 days to occur after exposure - Symptoms of illness occurs during these days
primary immune response (1st exposure)
47
- All other exposure - Next contact with that antigen produces quick production and action of the antibodies - Takes hours to 7 days to occur - Occurs due to memory cells
secondary immune response
48
resistance to infection due to contact with microorganisms and toxins or antigens
active immunity
49
___ is the introduction of a microorganism or its antigens which induces an immune response including production of memory cells
vaccine
50
inactivated pathogens, antigenically similar but less harmful, genetically engineered
forms vaccines come in
51
transfer of antibodies from one person to another - A mother to fetus/baby - Intravenous for autoimmune or cancer patients
passive immunity
52
1. macrophage breaks down bacteria 2. T cell recognizes antigen after it has bound to MHC protein 3. helper T cell binds to it 4. helper t sends out messages - cytokines 5. B cell in this case responds 6. B cell encounters antigen 7. memory cells store 8. plasma cells make antibodies 9. antibodies bind to antigens 10. Killer T cells then bind and destroy
summary of immunity
53
Chemical mediators (mast cells producing histamine) dilate vessels in infected/ damaged areas. At these locations the membranes of the capillaries/ venules become ______ - this allows increased blood flow and increased proteins participating in the inflammation
permeable to proteins
54
the vasodilation and protein permeability cases increased fluid-edema, which is the ___
swelling
55
(a type of myeloid cell) enters the inflamed area - first to arrive - this is an example of the leukocytes moving out of the circulatory system
neutrophil
56
(multistage process of cells moving and adhering in the injured area) - one neutrophil is attached to endothelial cells, messengers act on the neutrophil and another adhesion molecule attaches to endothelial cell allowing neutrophils to begin collecting - next, diapedesis, there it migrates to the site of damage
Chemotaxis (process. of aggregating & activation your innate cells beg. with neutrophils
57
where the neutrophil squeezes itself into the interstitial fluid
diapedesis
58
- bone marrow: produces ___ - thymus: produces ___
B cells; T cells

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

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