Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYSIOLOGY > Module 15- Immune system > Flashcards

Module 15- Immune system Flashcards

1
Q
  • dilates blood vessels and induces inflammation through the release of histamines and heparin
  • recruits macrophages and neutrophils
  • involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens but can also be responsible for allergic reactions
  • location: connective tissues, mucus membranes
A

mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • a phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells
  • stimulates response of other immune cells
  • location: migrates from blood vessels into tissues
A

macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • presents antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity

-location: present in epithelial tissue, including skin, lung & tissues of the digestive tract. Migrates to lymph nodes upon activation

A

dendritic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • releases toxins that kill or inhibit bacteria and fungi, recruits other immune cells to the site of infection
  • first responder at the site of infection or trauma
  • location: migrates from blood vessels into tissues
A

neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mature in bone marrow (B cells and NK cells) and thymus (T cells); activation in peripheral lymphoid organs

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. initiate antibody-mediated immune responses by binding specific antigens to the B cells’ plasma membrane receptors, which are immunoglobulins
  2. upon activation, are transformed into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
  3. present antigen to helper T cells
A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bind to antigens on plasma membrane of target cells (virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and tissue transplants) and directly destroy the cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

secrete cytokines that help to activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and macrophages

A

Helper T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Defend against pathogens (viruses) and microbes (bacteria or fungal cells).

Also remove foreign bodies and destroy cancer cells within the body

A

overall function of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lymphocytes that recognize cells in adaptive immune responses

A

lymphoid (T & B cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

white blood cells that are able to leave circulatory system (between endothelial cells)
-two groups:
– (1) myeloid & lymphoid
– (2) lymphoid

A

leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

found in almost all organs and tissues, located where they encounter pathogens/ particles trying to enter the body

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

process phagocytized pathogens, main antigen-presenting cell to T cells

A

dendritic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

release histamine, help stimulate innate immune response

A

mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

protein messengers (regulatory)
-produced by a variety of immune cells
-allows different immune system cells to “talk” to one another via chemical messages

A

cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vital to the timing of immune response

A

cross-talk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a chemical messenger that regulates cell differentiation (from and function), proliferation (production), and gene expression to affect immune responses

A

cytokine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lymphocyte development, cells are not activated by specific antigens yet.

A

primary lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  • bone marrow: produces ___
  • thymus: produces ___
A

B cells; T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

activation
- mainly: spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

A

secondary lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

inherited general defense (nonspecific)

A

innate defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cells change throughout lifetime to combat pathogen

A

adaptive defense (specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • stimulate production of specific antibodies
  • are proteins or polysaccharides
  • any molecule the host does not recognize as ‘self’
A

antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

recognize specific foreign molecules called antigens

A

lymphocytes

25
Q
  • These defenses recognize some general signature making the invader as foreign (toll-like receptors)
  • Does not require memory, or past exposure- its inherited
A

Nonspecific defense first line of defense

26
Q
  • Physical barriers (prevent)
  • Fever (symptoms)
  • Phagocytosis (symptoms)
  • Interferons
A

nonspecific defenses include

27
Q
  1. encounter and recognition
  2. lymphocyte activation
  3. attack is launched
A

3 stages of adaptive immune response

28
Q

each lymphocyte presents a receptor for a specific antigen
- lymphocyte receptor determined during development
- once the specific antigen is recognized, it is bound to its lymphocyte

A

encounter and recognition

29
Q
  • once antigen is bound, lymphocyte undergoes rapid mitotic division
  • some lymphocytes are used in attacking antigens, the rest are stored (memory cells)
A

lymphocyte activation

30
Q
  • b cells differentiate to plasma cells and dump antibodies into circulation
  • cytotoxic t cells directly attack antigen
A

Attack is launched

31
Q
  • mature in bone marrow
  • differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies
A

lymphocyte B cells

32
Q

B cells remain at the location of activation and send ___ ___ to travel through your body looking for specific antigens

A

plasma cells

33
Q

B cells trigger an ________: targets are bacteria, viruses, toxins

A

antibody-mediated responses

34
Q

only ___ antibody per plasma cell meaning one receptor unique to binding with that antigen
-human body therefore has to have a lot of B cells to code for lots of different antigens

A

one

35
Q

the microbe to phagocytes. They do not do the killing themselves, they recognize
- travel the fluids of the body (circulatory & lymphatic systems) to find pathogens

A

antibodies

36
Q
  • mature in the thymus
  • receptors again are unique to one antigen
  • cell-mediated, need MHC & antigen to bind
A

lymphocyte T cells

37
Q

travel to targets and kill it by binding to the antigen and secreting chemicals
- can occur to body’s own cells that are infected or cancerous
- kills viral and fungal infections

A

cytotoxic T cells

38
Q

assists the functions and activation of B cells through direct contact, assists cytotoxic T cells through helping other immune cells
- without these cells, the B and T cells could not function adequately

A

helper T cell

39
Q

inhibits B and cytotoxic T cells
- destroys own proteins, suppress inappropriate responses & prevent autoimmune diseases
- people w autoimmune diseases may have problems w the these cells functioning correcting

A

regulatory T cell

40
Q

expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells

A

Class I MHC

41
Q

are expressed on the surface of macrophages, activated B cells, and dendritic cells (antigen presenting cells)

A

class II MHC

42
Q
  • antigens located intracellularly
  • T cell is focused on the destruction of body’s own cells that are infected with viruses or cancerous
  • T cell kills the cell
A

Class I MHC proteins on cytotoxic T cells

43
Q

viruses cause ___ ___ to manufacture viral proteins

A

host cell

44
Q

___ ___ has genes altered that are coding for proteins not normally found in the body

A

cancerous cell

45
Q
  1. antigen is phagocytized by antigen presenting cell in a nonspecific response & broken down
  2. antigen fragments bind to MHC II
  3. vesicle presents MHC + antigen complex on the surface of antigen presenting cell
  4. T cell now recognizes antigen as foreign and cytokines are released
A

class II MHC proteins on helper T cells

46
Q
  • After first contact with antigen a slow production of antibodies occurs, including production of memory cells
  • Generally takes 10-17 days to occur after exposure
  • Symptoms of illness occurs during these days
A

primary immune response (1st exposure)

47
Q
  • All other exposure
  • Next contact with that antigen produces quick production and action of the antibodies
  • Takes hours to 7 days to occur
  • Occurs due to memory cells
A

secondary immune response

48
Q

resistance to infection due to contact with microorganisms and toxins or antigens

A

active immunity

49
Q

___ is the introduction of a microorganism or its antigens which induces an immune response including production of memory cells

A

vaccine

50
Q

inactivated pathogens, antigenically similar but less harmful, genetically engineered

A

forms vaccines come in

51
Q

transfer of antibodies from one person to another
- A mother to fetus/baby
- Intravenous for autoimmune or cancer patients

A

passive immunity

52
Q
  1. macrophage breaks down bacteria
  2. T cell recognizes antigen after it has bound to MHC protein
  3. helper T cell binds to it
  4. helper t sends out messages - cytokines
  5. B cell in this case responds
  6. B cell encounters antigen
  7. memory cells store
  8. plasma cells make antibodies
  9. antibodies bind to antigens
  10. Killer T cells then bind and destroy
A

summary of immunity

53
Q

Chemical mediators (mast cells producing histamine) dilate vessels in infected/ damaged areas. At these locations the membranes of the capillaries/ venules become ______

  • this allows increased blood flow and increased proteins participating in the inflammation
A

permeable to proteins

54
Q

the vasodilation and protein permeability cases increased fluid-edema, which is the ___

A

swelling

55
Q

(a type of myeloid cell) enters the inflamed area
- first to arrive
- this is an example of the leukocytes moving out of the circulatory system

A

neutrophil

56
Q

(multistage process of cells moving and adhering in the injured area)
- one neutrophil is attached to endothelial cells, messengers act on the neutrophil and another adhesion molecule attaches to endothelial cell allowing neutrophils to begin collecting
- next, diapedesis, there it migrates to the site of damage

A

Chemotaxis (process. of aggregating & activation your innate cells beg. with neutrophils

57
Q

where the neutrophil squeezes itself into the interstitial fluid

A

diapedesis

58
Q
  • bone marrow: produces ___
  • thymus: produces ___
A

B cells; T cells

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions