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PHYSIOLOGY > Lecture Exam 2- Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2- Ch. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

regulate and control other systems of the body by communicating through electrochemical impulses
- CNS & PNS

A

nervous system

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2
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous system (CNS)

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3
Q
  • afferent division & efferent division
  • sensory & motor
A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q
  • somatic sensory
  • visceral sensory
  • special sensory
A

afferent division

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5
Q

somatic motor & Autonomic motor (sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric)

A

efferent divison

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6
Q

respond to stimuli, conduct electrical activity, release chemical regulators
-pseudounipolar (unipolar)
-bipolar
-multipolar

A

neuron

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7
Q

structural classes of neurons: based on

A

of processes

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8
Q

ex: sensory neurons

A

unipolar neuron

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9
Q

ex: motor & interneurons

A

multipolar neuron

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10
Q

single process of the neuron that carries an electrical signal (action potential) away from the cell body toward a target cell

A

axon

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11
Q

one of many branchlike processes that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapses) from other neurons or sensory cells

A

dendrites

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12
Q

organizes & keeps the cell functioning

A

cell body

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13
Q

protects the cell

A

cell membrane

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14
Q

generates an impulse in the neuron
- tapering of the neuron cell body that gives rise to the axon
- enough positives than AP goes through the neuron

A

Axon hillock (initial segment)

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15
Q

gap between two myelinated regions of an axon, allowing for strengthening of the electrical signal as it propagates down the axon

A

Node of ranvier

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16
Q

lipid-rich layer of insulation that surrounds an axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS; facilitates the transmission of electrical signals

A

Myelin sheath

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17
Q

end of the axon, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell

A

axon terminal

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18
Q

produces the myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann cell

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19
Q

glial cell type in the CNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in tracts

A

Oligodendrocyte

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20
Q

Conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

sensory neurons

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21
Q

Conduct impulses from the CNS to target organs (muscles or glands)
- somatic & autonomic

A

motor neurons

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22
Q

responsible for reflex & voluntary control of skeletal muscles

A

somatic

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23
Q

responsible for innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands

A

Autonomic

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24
Q

Located completely within the CNS and integrate functions of the nervous system

A

Association Neuron/Interneuron

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25
Q

-constitute about half of the cels in the CNS
-can divide by mitosis unlike neurons
-provide physical & metabolic support

A

glial cells of the CNS

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26
Q

-microglia
-ependymal cells
-oligodendrocyte
-astrocytes

A

types of glial cells in the CNS (CNS glia)

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27
Q

immune surveillance & phagocytosis

A

microglia

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28
Q

creating CSF
- regulate production of cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cell

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29
Q

support
- abundant & aid in development

A

astrocytes

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30
Q

insulation, myelination

A

oligodendrocytes

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31
Q

myelin forming cells called _____ in the CNS, ______ cells in the PNS

same function but different name

A

oligodendrocytes, Schwann

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32
Q
  • Lipid-rich layer of insulation that surrounds an axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS & Schwann cells in the PNS
  • Facilitates the transmission of electrical signals
A

myelin sheath

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33
Q

a physiological barrier that keeps many substances that circulate in the rest of the body from getting into the CNS, restricting what can cross from circulating blood into the CNS
- Glucose & amino acids can pass through

A

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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34
Q

found in the postsynaptic membrane. These open in response to the binding of receptor proteins to their neurotransmitter ligands

A

chemically regulated channels

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35
Q

protein channel in the membrane opening IN response to stimulus of depolarization to a threshold level

A

Voltage-regulated channels

36
Q
  • neurons have a resting potential of -70mV
  • established by large negative molecules inside the cells
  • Na+/K+ pumps
  • permeability of the membrane

at rest, there is a high concentration of K+ inside the cell and Na+ outside the cell

ions constantly move to maintain the concentration gradients

A

membrane potential

37
Q

opening in response to binding of a chemical ligand to its receptor
- binding of signaling molecules

A

ligand gated

38
Q

protein channel, when stimulated depolarizes membrane to threshold, specific to an ion

A

voltage gated

39
Q

open when physical deformation to membrane occurs (like stretching)

A

mechanical gated

40
Q

changes in membrane potential are controlled by changes in the flow of ions through channels

A

voltage-gated channels on axons

41
Q

-open at +30mV (inside cell)
-slower to open and close

A

voltage-gated K+ channels

42
Q
  • open at negative values (change from -70mV)
  • respond faster at threshold (AP) (-55mV approx.)
  • inactivate & close at +30mV, breaking positive feedback loop
A

voltage-gated Na+ channels

43
Q

-a approximate value for an action potential to occur
-a approximate value where the stimulus strength doesn’t matter after passing this point
–strength of stimulus affects frequency of AP and may recruit more neurons to have AP

A

threshold

44
Q

all or nothing electrical event in a single cell where the membrane potential quickly becomes positive and returns to resting potential

A

action potential

45
Q

all or nothing electrical event in a single cell where the membrane potential quickly becomes positive and returns to resting potential

A

action potential function

46
Q

local anesthetics (e.g. novocaine, & lidocaine) bind to voltage-gated Na+ channels & therefore block response to initial depolarization- the channels do not open
ex. epidural

A

drug facts

47
Q

time during the refractory period when a new action potential can only be initiated by a stronger stimulus than the current action potential because voltage-gated K+ channels are not closed

A

Relative refractory periods

48
Q

time during an action period when another action potential cannot be generated because the voltage-gated Na+ channel is inactivated

A

Absolute refractory periods

49
Q

-Na+ channels are inactivated
-as soon as inactivation is removed and Na+ are closed, the channel can reopen to second stimulus

A

why absolute refractory periods happen

50
Q

change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero; inside of the membrane becomes less negative compared to outside of the membrane

A

depolarization

51
Q

return of the membrane potential to its normally negative voltage at the end of the action potential after depolarization

A

Repolarization

52
Q

increase in negativity of inside of cell membrane with respect to the resting membrane potential (membrane potential becomes more negative)

A

Hyperpolarization

53
Q
  • depolarization of the first AP is the stimulus for the new AP in the region just ahead of it and so on…
  • each AP is its own separate event and is said to be regenerated
  • however: positive feedback of Na+ allows the AP to travel without decrement (decrease)(regenerating this AP fully) thus reaching the end with the same amplitude
A

action potential conduction

54
Q

-myelinated neurons: myelin prevents Na+ and K+ from moving through the membrane
- AP move faster due to ‘leaping from node to node; compared to ion channels located ALL along the axon

A

saltatory conduction

55
Q

the conduction rate is slow because so many AP’s are generated, each one an individual event.

A

unmyelinated

56
Q

more charge arrives at nodes due to myelin insulation preventing charge leaking out, therefore AP moves faster

A

myelinated

57
Q

due to ions moving only at the nodes and restoring fewer ions, the ion channels do less work, saving energy

A

AP myelination

58
Q

narrow junction across which a chemical signal passes from neuron to the next, initiating a new electrical signal in the target cell

A

synapse

59
Q

conducting signal towards synapse

A

presynaptic

60
Q

conducting signals away from synapse

A

postsynapse

61
Q

-pre- and post synaptic cells are connected by gap junctions
-current flow continues quickly across the gaps
-found in cardiac, smooth muscle to allow contraction as a unit to occur

A

functional anatomy of synapse: electrical

62
Q

-the majority
-axon terminals hold synaptic vesicles
-pre-synaptic neurons release neurotransmitters

A

functional anatomy of synapse: chemical

63
Q

a chemical messenger that travels across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on post-synaptic neurons

A

neurotransmitters

64
Q

calcium ions trigger a change in the SNARE proteins that lead to the fusion & release of the neurotransmitter
-SNARE proteins loosely dock vesicles

A

mechanisms of neurotransmitter release

65
Q
  1. AP arrives at axon terminals
  2. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open & Ca2+ enters the axon terminal (keeping excitement open)
  3. Ca2+ entry causes neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles to release their contents by exocytosis
  4. neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft & bind to ligand-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane
  5. binding of neurotransmitter opens ligand-gated ion channels, resulting in graded potentials
  6. reuptake by the presynaptic neuron, enzymatic degradation, and diffusion reduce neurotransmitter levels, terminating the signal
A

neurotransmitter release

66
Q

example of neurotransmitter at the synapse
-remember these channels are ligand-gated (binds the Ach)

A

acetylcholine

67
Q

-Ach binds @ postsynaptic cell, ex. skeletal muscle cells (how muscles contract)
-binding of 2 acetylcholine molecules opens a channel
–due to electrochemical gradient, more Na+ flows in than K+ out, EPSP (excite) is begun

A

nicotinic Ach receptors

68
Q

nicotinic Ach receptors: agonist (mimic)

A

nicotine

69
Q

nicotinic Ach receptors: antagonist (opposite)

A

curare (poison)

70
Q

-Ach binds at post synaptic cells, ex. digestive cells or cardio cells
-binding at the receptor opens ion channels indirectly by using a G-protein
–dopamine and norepinephrine receptors do this too

A

muscarinic Ach receptors

71
Q

muscarinic Ach receptors: agonist

A

muscarine

72
Q

muscarinic Ach receptors: antagonist

A

atropine

73
Q
  1. ACh binds to the receptor
  2. G-protein subunit dissociates
  3. G-protein binds to K+ channel, causing it to open
A

Muscarinic ACh receptors- Mechanism

74
Q
  • Opening K+ or Cl- channels results in a graded hyperpolarization
  • Brings postsynaptic membrane further from threshold(hyperpolarizing)
  • Decreasing the likelihood of an action potential
A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

75
Q
  • Opening Na+ or Ca 2+ channels results in a graded depolarization
  • Brings postsynaptic membrane closer to the threshold (depolarizing)
  • Is a graded potential
A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

76
Q

change in the membrane potential that varies in size, depending on the size of the stimulus that elicits it

  • amplitude decreases as signal moves toward axon hillock
A

graded potential

77
Q

characteristics of graded potentials

A

summation & lack of a refractory period

78
Q

graded potential zone

A

-90mV to -55mV

79
Q

threshold

A

-55mV

80
Q

when a sensory neuron receives a stimulus that brings it to the threshold, what will it do

A
  • become depolarized
  • transduce the stimulus to an action potential
  • cause the release fo neurotransmitters onto cells in the central nervous system
81
Q

if an EPSP and IPSP signal is received at the dendrite, will there be an action potential generated at -65mV

A

no bc it does not meet the threshold (-55mV)

82
Q

synthesized from amino acids
- Ex: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine (not common), all 3 called catecholamines. All use a second messenger system
– After activating their receptors they are transported back into axon terminal or broken down by enzymes
– Neurons releasing catecholamines located in the CNS: regulate mood, attention, hormone release, states of consciousness and more

A

monoamines

83
Q

a monoamine oxidase (enzyme breaking down monoamines) inhibitor may be used.
- It inhibits the process of breaking down the catecholamine by enzymes, therefore, increasing the concentration of dopamine and norepinephrine at a synapse

A

to treat depression

84
Q

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

A

catecholamines

85
Q

neurotransmitter in your brain & spinal cord
- increases alertness, arousal & attention
- constricts blood vessels, which help maintain blood pressure in times of stress

A

norepinephrine

86
Q

fight-or-flight response; also called adrenaline
- released by your adrenal glands in response to stress
- plays a role in metabolism, attention, focus, panic & excitement
- made by the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

87
Q

localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

ganglion

PHYSIOLOGY (19 decks)

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