Pharmacologic Principles 2 Flashcards
In general, take medication on empty stomach with a full glass of water ( ? min to ? hour before food or ?hours after food)
20, 30, 1, 2,
30
1
2
Drug is placed under the tongue
Sublingual or Buccal
Sublingual
Drug is placed between the cheek and gum
Sublingual or Buccal
Buccal
Do drugs absorb in the oral mucosa go to the GI tract or goes straight to General Circulation?
GC
The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation via injections
PARENTERAL ROUT or Enteral
PR
Which stand for GI and Non GI
PARENTERAL ROUT or Enteral
PR Non GI
Gi E
Routes
Intravenous, Intramuscular/Subcutaneous/Intradermal,
Epidural
PARENTERAL ROUT or Enteral
PR
inhalation
Topical/Transdermal
Instillation (eye/ear/nose drops/sprays)
PARENTERAL ROUT or Enteral
PR
Where does the drug go now? What happens to the drug? = ?
Absorption or Distribution
Distribution
Lipid Soluble vs Water Soluble◦
Blood Brain Barrier, Placenta are
Protein Binding , or Permeability, or Circulation
Permeability
Free vs Bound Drug are
Protein Binding , or Permeability, or Circulation
Protein Binding
Diseases that alter circulation
Protein Binding , or Permeability, or Circulation
Circulation
Easily distribute into fatty tissues where they may store or concentrate
Have the potential to cross the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and the Placenta
Lipid Soluble or Water Soluble
LS
Typically remain in highly vascularized spaces and can easily leave the body via elimination (urine!)
Lipid Soluble or Water Soluble
WS
Some drugs preferentially bind to protein/albumin Called “low or highly bound drugs“
highly
Drug is not bound to albumin
-can distribute into extravascular tissue to its intended target
Free or Bound drug
Free
Stuck to albumin, stays in the bloodstream
◦Cannot get to extravascular space and reach intended target
Free or Bound drug
Bound
Inactive or Active
Free Drugs
Active
Inactive or Active
Bound Drugs
Inactive
Lowly or highly protein bound drug= Phenytoin
Highly
Vital organs like the heart, kidneys, liver, brain
Slow or Rapid
Rapid
Muscle, skin, fat
Slow or Rapid
Slow
Metabolism/Biotransformation Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Induction Enzyme Inhibition Pro-Drug First Pass Effect
Distribution or Metabolism
Metabolism
The biochemical alteration of a drug
Distribution or Metabolism
Metabolism
substrate= target drug
true or false
True
What liver enzyme target drugs?
Pro-drugs or Cytochrome P-450
Cytochrome P-450
Cytochrome P-450 target hydrophilc and polar drugs to covent into Lipophilic and non polar?
No its reversed
Enzyme Induction and Enzyme Inhibition are apart of
Pro-drugs or Cytochrome P-450
Cytochrome P-450
Enzyme Inhibition
Slow or Increase the livers metabolizing function?
slow
Enzyme Induction
Slow or Increase the livers metabolizing function?
increase
They are inactive drugs that becomes active once metabolized by liver
Pro-drugs or Cytochrome P-450
Pro Drugs
Can Prodrugs help improve bioavailability?
Yes
Liver damage is know as
ecchymosis or hepatotoxicity
hepatotoxicity
0 to 35 units/L
ALT or AST
AST
4 to 36 units/L
ALT or AST
ALT
Liver damage occurs when ALT or AST elevates or decline
elevates
The elimination of drugs from the body
Elimination or Metabolism
Elimination
PRIMARY SITE OF ELIMINATION is Liver or Kidney?
Kidney
Which is the filter of the Kidney?
Glomerulus or Hypothamus
Glomerulus
What is muscle breakdown
Serum Creatinine or Glomerulus
Serum Creatinine
Serum Creatine high is good or bad
Serum Creatine with fomula low is that good or bad
bad
bad
The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
Duration or Onset
Onset
The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response
Duration or Onset
Duration
The plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur
Therapeutic Index/Range or Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC) or Toxicity
Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)
Enough drug present to produce therapeutic response, but not enough to be toxic
Therapeutic Index/Range or Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC) or Toxicity
Therapeutic Index/Range
Plasma drug levels climb too high, toxicity occurs
Therapeutic Index/Range or Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC) or Toxicity
Toxicity
The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body
Toxicity or Half life
HL
How many half lives are their?
5
