Pharmacodynamics - Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug-Drug Interactions

Question 1

_______ curves are used to characterize drug responses in populations of subjects.

Answer 1

Quantal

Question 2

Graded dose-response curves are plots in which ________.

Answer 2

increasing doses are given to the same subject and effect is given as a fraction of the maximum

Question 3

Therapeutic Index (TI) = _________

Answer 3

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) / Effective Dose (ED50)
Note: In this case ED50 is not half Emax, but rather the quantal indication of the dose required for half the population to see the desired effect.

Question 4

Most drugs in clinical use have TIs greater than _____.

Answer 4

10-20

Question 5

Standard Safety Margin (SSM) = _________.

Answer 5

[(LD1)/(ED99) - 1] x 100

This is the percent above ED99 that must be increased to see a toxic effect in 1% of the population.

Question 6

Side effects, extension effects, and toxic effects are all ________.

Answer 6

adverse reactions to a drug, but they occur at increasing concentrations (with side effects in the therapeutic window and toxic effects at the extreme)

Question 7

_______ and _____ are both adverse reactions to a drug within the therapeutic window, but ______ are related to the therapeutic goal while _____ are not.

Answer 7

Side effects; extension effects; extension effects; side effects

Question 8

The FDA classifies drugs by their risk to fetal development as ________.

Answer 8

A, B, C, D, and X, in order of increasing proof of teratogenicity.

Question 9

Tetracycline should not be taken with _______ because it can reduce absorption.

Answer 9

antacids (even milk)