Clinical Aspects of Common Cancers

Question 1

About ____ percent of smokers will develop lung cancer.

Answer 1

10

Question 2

In addition to smoking, _______ also cause lung cancer.

Answer 2

industrial metal gas, radon, asbestos, and uranium mining

Question 3

The epithelium of the lung is _______.

Answer 3

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 4

The clinical symptoms of lung cancer include _______.

Answer 4

dyspnea, persistent cough, recurrent pneumonia, hoarseness, facial swelling, and weight loss

Question 5

Define hamartoma.

Answer 5

(n) a benign, focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm

Question 6

Carcinomas require ______ to achieve a cure.

Answer 6

surgical excision

Question 7

_____ lung cancer is not treated surgically, only by chemotherapy.

Answer 7

Small-cell

Question 8

Rarely, _______ can produce parathyroid hormone that leads to hypercalcemia.

Answer 8

squamous carcinoma

Question 9

List the four major types of lung cancer.

Answer 9

Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma

Question 10

Squamous carcinomas often appear ______.

Answer 10

white and chalky (due to keratin cell involvement)

Question 11

_________ attempt to form mucin-producing cells.

Answer 11

Adenocarcinomas

Question 12

Patients with _______ often have mutations in EGFRs and respond to _____.

Answer 12

adenocarcinoma; gefitinib (Iressa)

Question 13

Crizotinib treats patients with ______.

Answer 13

adenocarcinomas with ALK or ROS1 mutations

Question 14

__________ is a variant of adenocarcinoma.

Answer 14

Bronchoalveolar

Question 15

Large cell carcinomas typically are ______.

Answer 15

highly pleiotropic and high grade

Question 16

Small cell carcinomas have a _________.

Answer 16

poor prognosis–no surgical treatment with frequent metastasis to the brain

Question 17

What are the clinical signs of pancreatic cancer?

Answer 17

Cachexia, painless jaundice, back pain, and migratory thrombophlebitis

Question 18

_____ is the worse type of pancreatic cancer.

Answer 18

Adenocarcinoma

Question 19

Almost all (98%) of colorectal cancers are ________.

Answer 19

adenocarcinomas

Question 20

Most cases of colorectal cancer are ______, but some are genetic.

Answer 20

sporadic

Question 21

There are two types of adenomatous polyps: ____________.

Answer 21

pedunculated tubular and sessile villous

Question 22

There are about _______ new cases of prostate cancer in the U.S. each year.

Answer 22

200,000

Question 23

What are PINs?

Answer 23

Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasias

Question 24

How are Gleason grading scores done?

Answer 24

Take the most severe prostatic biopsy, rate it on a scale of 1-5, and add it to the second-worst site (5 is the worst)

Question 25

Cancer kills roughly _______ Americans each year.

Answer 25

559,000

Question 26

Roughly _____ percent of cancers are carcinomas.

Answer 26

90

Question 27

Benign ______ can lead to life-threatening hypoglycemia.

Answer 27

islet cell adenoma

Question 28

Describe some characteristics of high-grade cancers.

Answer 28

Pleomorphism (cytologic variability) and large nuclei

Question 29

The most common cause of death in advanced-stage carcinoma is _____.

Answer 29

infection (60%)

Question 30

_______ is the most common type of lung cancer found in women and non-smokers.

Answer 30

Adenocarcinoma

Question 31

PIN (__________) is believed to be a _________.

Answer 31

prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia; precursor to prostate cancer