path - trauma/peds.congenital Flashcards

1. Describe the different patterns of intracranial hemorrhage, their mechanisms of development and their clinical presentation and significance: Subdural, Epidural, Contusion 2. Compare and contrast brain injury causes and patterns: Diffuse brain injury, Traumatic axonal injury, Concussion 3. Classify the congenital malformations based on the anatomic patterns and define the associated syndromes: Anencephaly, Dandy-Walker Malformation, Chiari malformation, Neural tube closure defects,

1
Q

injury type where cerebral cell bodies are shrunken, stained red by eosin

A

acute hypoxic, ischemic

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2
Q

injury that shows as swelling of the neuronal cell body and peripheral dispersal of nissal substance

A

axonal injury

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3
Q

mechanical cause of a brain contusion

A

rapid tissue displacement, disruption of vascular channels and subsequent hemorrhage, tissue injury and edema

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4
Q

part of the the brain most suceptible to contusion

A

crests of the gyri

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5
Q

morphological evidence of brain contusion

A

nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic eosinophila, cellular disintegration

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6
Q

time for cellular changes in brain contusion

A

24 hours

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7
Q

signs of old brain contusions

A

depressed, retracted, yellow brown patches. gliosis and old

macrophages

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8
Q

mechanical cause of diffuse axonal injury

A

angular acceleration, even without impact

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9
Q

most common sites of diffuse axonal injury

A

near angles of lateral ventricles and brain stem

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10
Q

reversible altered conciousness from hed injury with lack of contusion

A

concussion

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11
Q

charecteristic neurological dysfcunction from concussion

A

loss of conciousness, temporary respiratory arrest and loss of reflexes

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12
Q

common vessel causing epidural hematoma

A

middle meningeal

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13
Q

common cause of epidural hematoma

A

skull fractures

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14
Q

clinical presentation of epidural hematoma

A

lucid at first, then sudden neurological decline

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15
Q

common cause of subdural hematoma

A

rapid movement of the brain during trauma tears bridging veins

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16
Q

why are elderly predisposed to subdural hematoma

A

in pts with brain atropy, bridging veins are more stretched out, leading to additional space for brain to move

17
Q

clinical sx of subdural hematoma

A

can show within 48 hours, non localizing headache, confusion, slowly progressive neurological deterioration

18
Q

maternal screening for _____ can be used for early detection of neural tube defects

A

alpha-fetoprotein

19
Q

most common type of congenital CNS malformation

A

neural tube defects

20
Q

neural tube defect most commonly found in lumbosacral region

A

myelomeningocele

21
Q

neural tube malformation leading to the absence of the brain and top the skull

A

anencephaly

22
Q

diverticulum od malformed CNS tissue extending through region of posterior fossa

A

encephalocele

23
Q

small posterior fossa with misshapen midline cerebellum and diwnward extension of the vermis through the foramen magnum

A

arnold-chairi malformation

24
Q

associated defects in arnold-chairi

A

hydrocephalus and lumber myelomeningocele

25
missing cerebellar tissue wih enlarged postier fossa, absence of vermis and latge midline cyst
dandy-walker
26
accumulation of excessive CSF within the ventricular system
hydrocephalus
27
most common mechanical cause of hydrocephalus
failure of resorption or impaired flow
28
noncommunication hydrocephalus cause
localized obstacle to CSF flow that causes only a portion of the ventricles to enlarge
29
site of most common blockage in noncommicating hydrocephalus
foramen of Monroe or mass conpressing cerebral aqueduct
30
characteristics of cerebral palsy
spasticity, dystonia, ataxia, athetosis, paresis
31
cause of cerebral palsy
injury occuring during pre/perinatal periods
32
major types of injury causing cerebral palsy
hemorrhage and infarct
33
large cystic lesions through the brain hemispheres in preinatal injury
multicystic encephalopathy
34
infarcts may occur in the supratentorial periventricular white matter
periventricular leukomalacia