Pain Management Flashcards
What is pain?
1) physiological sensation
2) emotion/psychological reaction to that sensation*
What are the four general approaches to managing pain?
1) remove cause
2) decrease inflammation, irritation, and sensitivity (aspirin, NSAIDs)
3) block conduction of impulsed (lidocaine)
4) modify the processing of pain information in the CNS (opioids, NSAID’s, etc)
____ is an injectable NSAID that is a useful alternative to opioids. OK for short term use, can cause GI irritation because it inhibits prostaglandin production
Ketorolac
___ inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and alleviates pain by acting at nerve endings in the CNS. Does not cause GI irritation but risk of hepatotoxicity at high doses.
Acetaminophen
____ ____ block sodium channels in nerve endings and axons/stops generation and conduction of action potentials
Local anesthetics
Opioids act as agonists at receptors for ___ and ___
endorphins and enkephalins
Petazocine, Buprenorphine, Butorphanol, Tramadol and Tapentadol are all ________
Partial and Mixed Agonists/Antagonist Analgesics
Morphine, Codeine, Fentanyl, Heroin, Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Merperidine, Methadone, and Oxycodone are all_________
Strong Analgesics (mu agonist)
Most opioids are schedule _
2
True or False:
Corticosteroids (prednisone),
muscle relaxants (diazepam, cyclobenzaprine), antidepressants (duloxetine, amitriptyline),
anti-convulsant drugs (gabapentin, pregabalin)
and clonidine are adjuvant drugs
True
____ is used as a “dissociative anesthetic”
Ketamine
What do you use to treat mild pain?
Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen,
What do you use to treat moderate pain?
-Oral NSAID (arthritis, MS, post-surgery)
-Intermediate potency opioid + acetaminophen
-Mixed agonist antagonist (tramadol)
What do you use to treat severe pain?
-strong opioids
-NSAIDs
-Adjuvant drugs
