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Pharmacology > L21: Intro to Microbials > Flashcards

L21: Intro to Microbials Flashcards

1
Q

____: Refers to a naturally occurring compound (something produced by one microbe to eliminate another one)

____: Refers to a man-made compound that combats infections

A

Antibiotic
Antimicrobial

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2
Q

_____: reduces bacterial load of >3 logs in 24 hrs

_____: reduces bacterial load <3 logs in 24 hrs

A

Bactericidal
Bacterostatic

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3
Q

Which of the following is needed for serious or deep infections in vital organs (e.g sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia)?
A. Bactericidal
B. Bacteriostatic

A

A. Bactericidal

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4
Q

Which of the following is needed for ear infections, UTI’s, and skin infections?
A. Bactericidal
B. Bacteriostatic

A

B. Bacteriostatic

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5
Q

True or False: Beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluroquinolones are bactericidal drugs

A

True

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6
Q

Beta lactams and vancomycin act on:
A. Cell Wall
B. Cell Membrane
C. DNA Synthesis
C. Direct damage

A

A. Cell Wall

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7
Q

Polymixins and Daptomycin act on:
A. Cell Wall
B. Cell Membrane
C. DNA Synthesis
C. Direct damage

A

B. Cell Membrane

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8
Q

True or False: Gram (+) organisms rely on more peptidoglycans while Gram (-) typically have an OM as barrier to drug access and express LPS

A

True

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9
Q

Sulfonamides and Fluroquinolones inhibit ___ synthesis
A. DNA
B. RNA

Rifamycins and Fidaxomicin inhibit ___ synthesis
A. DNA
B. RNA

A

A. DNA
B. RNA

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10
Q

True or False: Metronidazole causes direct damage

A

True

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11
Q

Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclines act on the __S ribosomes

Macrolides and Clindamycin act on the __S ribosomes

A

30 S
50 S

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12
Q

_____: bacterium inherently resistant
before it ever sees drug, e.g., does not express
target
A. Intrinsic
B. Transmissible
C. Inducible

A

A. Intrinsic

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13
Q

____: bacterium acquires resistance
genes on a plasmid or from a phage and is
prepared for drug
A. Intrinsic
B. Transmissible
C. Inducible

A

B. Transmissible

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14
Q

____: bacterium alters target or activates
countermeasure in response to drug exposure
A. Intrinsic
B. Transmissible
C. Inducible

A

C. Inducible

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15
Q

How do you quantify resistance?

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

  • Lowest dose that stops visual growth at 24h
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16
Q

True or False: MIC90 – for a group of bacteria, the concentration
that is above 90% of their MIC

A

True

17
Q

____: lowest dose required to kill 99.9% of bacteria
in 24h
A. MIC
B. MBC

A

B. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)

18
Q

True or False: Large gap around disc (Kirby-Bauer test) suggests sensitivity while small/no gap suggests resistance

A

True

19
Q

____ can be thought of as the MIC above
which a given microbe is no longer sensitive to a particular drug

A

Breakpoint

20
Q

Selecting a drug on the basis of a known
pathogen with known susceptibility is ___
therapy

___ therapy is starting a patient on your
“best guess” drug if you don’t know all these
things

A

rational
empiric

21
Q

True or False: Empiric therapy often involves broad spectrum drugs

A

True

22
Q

True or False: The effects of different drugs may depend on
the exposure time, the concentration, or both

A

True

23
Q

____: Maximize
T>MIC by dosing frequently or
by infusion
A. Time Dependent
B. Concentration Dependent
C. Both Time/Concentration Dependent

A

A. Time Dependent

24
Q

___ ___: Maximize Cmax/MIC by giving
highest dose you can (AUC will increase too)
A. Time Dependent
B. Concentration Dependent
C. Both Time/Concentration Dependent

A
25
Q

Which gram (+) cocci and gram (-) anaerobic rod cause pneumonia?

A
  • S. pneumoniae
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
26
Q

True or False: E. coli causes UTI

A

True

  • Gram (-) Rod
27
Q

Which gram (+) anaerobic rod causes Gastroenteritis?

A

C. diff

28
Q

True or False: N. meningitidis is a gram (-) cocci that causes meningitis

A

True

29
Q

True or False: S. aureus (gram + cocci) causes skin and soft tissue infections

A

True

30
Q

True or False: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram(-), generally aerobic, that is commonly resistant to many first line drugs

A

True

31
Q

True or False: MRSA is a common nosocomial or community-acquired infections/surgical infections

A

True

32
Q

MRSA is resistant to almost all _____ drugs

A

beta-lactam

33
Q

Which pathogen is likely to cause an infection brought on by treating a different one (superinfection)?

A

C. diff
- Note: spores must be eliminated too

Pharmacology (53 decks)

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