Page 29 Flashcards
How is LA enlargement best confirmed?
measuring the distance from the midinferior border of the left mainstem bronchus to the right
lateral border of the LA density (enlarged if >7cm)
How far should the right atrial bulge be from the midline for it to be prominent?
5.5 cm
Which between syphilis and Marfan syndrome should you consider in a calcific ascending aortic aneurysm?
syphilis - calcific; Marfan syndrome - not calcific
(Measurement of a dilated azygos vein)
> 6 mm on PA, >1 cm on AP
Mitral calcification is best seen in what view?
lateral radiograph
Aortic valve calcification is best seen on what view?
lateral or right anterior oblique radiograph
What is the earliest radiographic sign of CHF and pulmonary venous hypertension?
Cephalization
Normal ratio of the vessel caliber in the lower lobes and upper lobes
3:2
Which side are pleural effusion and alveolar edema more pronounced in CHF?
Right
What term is used when right heart failure is the result of a pulmonary disease?
cor pulmonale
What are the signs that commonly accompany reversed flow distribution?
hilar fullness, Viking helmet sign in the hila, filling out of the right hilar angle
Normal amount of serous fluid in the pericardial space?
20 mL (>50 mL - clearly abnormal) (15-35 mL sa 5th ed)
Amount of pericardial fluid required for detection by plain film radiography
200 mL
Measurement of pericardial stripe indicative of pericardial thickening or effusion
> 2-3 mm (>3 mm pag CT tapos >4 mm pag MRI)
Sequence for best anatomic depiction
spin-echo T1 (moving blood produces signal void or black blood appearance)
sesFatty infiltration of the ANTERIOR RV-free wall on MR is essentially diagnostic of?
Uhl anomaly
The combination of supravalvular aortic stenosis, peripheral pulmonary stenosis, and valvular or subvalvular aortic stenosis can be seen in what syndrome?
Marfan syndrome or Williams syndrome
Intra-atrial thrombi are usually associated with what kind of arrhythmia?
AF, often secondary to RHD
What cardiac diseases are usually associated with LA thrombus? LV thrombus?
LA - AF, usually secondary to RHD; LV - recent infarction or ventricular aneurysm
How can we differentiate tumor versus clot?
MRI: GRE - clot-low signal, tumor-intermediate signal; Gd - clot will not enhance but tumors will
Etiologies of ascending aortic aneurysms
cystic medial necrosis/degeneration, Marfan, Ehler-Danlos, and syphilitic
What benign tumor is frequently found in tuberous sclerosis (50-85%)?
rhabdomyoma
Often the etiology of arch arch and descending thoracic aortic aneurysms
atherosclerosis
Although mycotic aneurysms may occur anywhere along the course of the thoracic aorta, which portion is it more commonly associated?
ascending
Between ascending and descending aortic aneurysms, which has a greater growth rate?
descending
Typical course of false lumen
on the right in the arch (disrupting the right coronary artery) then superior aspect of the arch then
left distally (involving the left renal artery)
DeBakey classification
Type 1 - proximal aorta down to descending
Type 2 - ascending only
Type 3 - descending only
Stanford classification
Type A - involves ascending
Type B - does not involve ascending
4 types of endoleaks
Type 1 - leak at superior or inferior attachment site
Type 2 - AAA filling via a patient arterial side branch such as a lumbar or IMA
Type 3 - loss of integrity of stent graft
Type 4 - leak through the porous graft material
Differential diagnosis of microaneurysms
polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener, SLE, rheumatoid vasculitis, and drug abuse
Where is Meckel diverticulum found?
antimesenteric border in the distal ileum
