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ST > ORTHO test 1 > Flashcards

ORTHO test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the ideal location and time to shave the ortho patient?

A

right before surgery, in the pre op area

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2
Q

what type of treatment is used when the fracture needs to have continuous traction?

A

closed reduction with external fixator

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3
Q

oscillating saw

A

side to side

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4
Q

what complication can occur from excessive weights on the traction or inadequate immobilization with casting?

A

delayed union due to mechnical reason

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5
Q

five stages of osteogenesis

A

inflammation, cellular proliferation, cellular formation, ossification, remodeling

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6
Q

what do muscles interact with?

A

nerves, minerals, skin

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7
Q

where does an autograft come from-what is its opposite?

A

comes from patient-opposite is allograft

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8
Q

total knee patellar component

A

replace patellar surface

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9
Q

Two instruments used on a shoulder scope to make incisions opposite of one another?

A

Wisinger rod, switching stick

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10
Q

blades

A

cut/saw bone

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11
Q

what type of traction is applied with closed reduction?

A

manual or skin

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12
Q

when is ORIF used?

A

cant be reduced with closed method

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13
Q

extension

A

a joint

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14
Q

coxa

A

hip

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15
Q

plantar flexion

A

specifically to bend foot downward at toward sole

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16
Q

nerve hook

A

retract nerves and blood vessels

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17
Q

synarthrotic

A

nonmovable

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18
Q

what is important to remember in the care of arthroscopy instruments?

A

handle gently, don’t kink

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19
Q

finger rasp

A

smooth bone

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20
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening of bones

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21
Q

what are the goals of fracture treatment?

A

reestablish length, shape, alignment, anatomic function

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22
Q

total knee femoral component

A

replace femoral surface of knee joint

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23
Q

pathological fracture

A

caused by disease

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24
Q

how many prep kits if prepping for a graft site?

A

two

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25
Q

acromioplasty

A

used to treat limited painful ROM impingement syndrome

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26
Q

shaft of bones

A

diaphysis

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27
Q

posterior

A

toward the back

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28
Q

irregular bones

A

vertebrae, facial bones

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29
Q

rotation

A

moving a body part around a central axis

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30
Q

freer

A

free tissue

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31
Q

two types of devices used for fractures of the tibia, femur, humerus and where are they placed?

A

robs, nails

IM canal

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32
Q

what type of water is used for fiberglass and plaster casts?

A

cool and tepid

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33
Q

cylinder cast

A

knee immobilization

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34
Q

Vascular meniscus

A

Outer edge 10-25%

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35
Q

regular screwdriver

A

insert or remove screws

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36
Q

If a tear occurs in the vascular what will be used to repair it?

A

Suture 0, 2-0 vicryl, PDS or proline

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37
Q

When doing an ACL reconstruction what is always done first?

A

Correct any other pathologies first

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38
Q

lane bone holder

A

hold bone in place

femur, self retaining-usually used in pairs

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39
Q

position of a shoulder arthroscopy

A

semi fowlers/lateral

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40
Q

periosteum

A

covers bones, provides attachment for tendons, muscles, ligaments

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41
Q

de quervans

A

inflmmation of the tendon sheath of the thumb

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42
Q

another name for diarthrosis joints

A

synovial joint

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43
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

fat center of shaft in adults

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44
Q

common graft used for acl reconstruction

A

patellar tendon graft

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45
Q

the______ are stimulated by the ________ to dissolve bone and release _____into the vascular system for important functions such as the actions of muscle?

A

osteoclasts, parathyroid gland, calcium

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46
Q

test used to test joint stability of knee

A

lachman and drawer

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47
Q

long leg cast

A

femur, tibia, fibular, ankle fracture

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48
Q

spinal column

A 
cervical 1-7
thoracic 1-12
lumbar 1-5
sacrum 5
coccyx 4
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49
Q

what tissue are diarthrotic joints line with?

A

synovial membrane

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50
Q

what part is slightly larger on the meniscus?

A

medial

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51
Q

PMMA

A

bone cement to hold prosthesis in place

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52
Q

punches/biter

A

remove tissue from joints

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53
Q

why is exercise important for bone formation?

A

to prevent bone loss

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54
Q

talipes

A

foot

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55
Q

short bones

A

carpal and tarsal bones

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56
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

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57
Q

CMTS

A

color, motion, temperature, sensation

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58
Q

hip screw

A

bridge to promote bone healing

used with hip plate

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59
Q

five steps of bone healing

A

begins at the time of fracture and lasts about two days
begins on day two and fibrin mesh forms
lasts three to four weeks
begins two-three weeks after injury and lasts 3-4 months
maintenance state of normal bone

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60
Q

compound fracture

A

bone pierces skin

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61
Q

cannulas

A

allow for passage of arthroscope and instruments

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62
Q

circumduction

A

moving a body part in a circular path without moving the entire body

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63
Q

strain

A

injury to muscle or tendon due to overstretching

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64
Q

blount knee retractor

A

hold back structures,

ACL, patella

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65
Q

seven steps of inserting a lag screw

A

guide pin is placed across the fracture
an angle guide is used to measure the degree of angle from the pin down the side of the femur
a reaming device is used to make the path for the lag screw to follow
tap is used to make a path for the threads of the lag screw
lag screw is placed
side plate is attached to the lag screw and screws are used to hold it in place
compression screw placed to hold the lag and plate together

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66
Q

rickets

A

disease of children caused by vitamin d deficiency

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67
Q

Three things a meniscal tear presents with?

A

Locking, clicking, fluid accumulation

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68
Q

cannulated screw

A

screw with hollow central shaft, usually inserted over a guide wire or pin

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69
Q

three joints that can be scoped

A

knee, shoulder, elbow

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70
Q

key elevator

A

separate periosteum from bone

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71
Q

flexion

A

any joint, decreasing a joint angle

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72
Q

when is external fixation most often used?

A

severe fracture, many fragments, infected

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73
Q

2 advantages/disadvantages of ORIF

A

direct observation, increase effectiveness with communited fractures
d: increase infection and risk of nonunion

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74
Q

what is the segment of vertebrae closet to the head?

A

cervical

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75
Q

knuckle like projection of bone

A

condly

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76
Q

anterior

A

toward the front

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77
Q

What is the ma for electrical current?

A

18-22

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78
Q

the hormone ____ from the ___ gland activates ___ to build more osteocytes when the ____ level is stable

A

calcitonin, thyroid, osteoblasts, calcium

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79
Q

bursa

A

small sac lubricates for joint movement

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80
Q

threaded pin

A

stabilize fractures, large bone surfaces

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81
Q

the top of the glenoid cavity is formed by the bony point on the top of the shoulder called the acromion process of the _____

A

spula

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82
Q

osteochondritis

A

inflammation of bone or cartilage

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83
Q

total shoulder arthroplasty

A

used to treat painful glenohumeral arthritis with significant loss of ROM or osteonecrosis

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84
Q

what is a joint irrigation pump not needed for?

A

ankle/elbow

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85
Q

exothermic

A

accompanied by the release of heat

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86
Q

what is lagging?

A

fracture fixation technique

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87
Q

hallux

A

great toe

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88
Q

valgus

A

turns outward away from midline

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89
Q

what does ORIF stand for?

A

open reduction with internal fixation

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90
Q

guide pin

A

guide reamers for insertion of rods

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91
Q

three types of joint immobilzation devices

A

cast, splint, brace

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92
Q

describe cancellous bone

A

soft, spongy, found at iliac crest

contains red bone marrow, in center of long bones

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93
Q

who can apply tourniquets?

A

rn, md, stfa

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94
Q

body jacket

A

spine immobilization

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95
Q

ganglion

A

tendon sheath cyst

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96
Q

what type of treatment doesn’t use a cast?

A

closed recution with external fixator

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97
Q

what is routinely done in donor sites because of the difficulty in achieving hemostasis?

A

drains placed

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98
Q

internal rotation

A

point the toes or flex arm inward or rotate toward the midline

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99
Q

what is used to smooth out fiberglass casts after application?

A

lotion

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100
Q

cortical bone

A

hard bone, found in diaphysis or shafts of long bones

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101
Q

two types of amphiarthrosis joints

A

pubic symphysis, intervertabral joints

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102
Q

two terms that describe a hollow or depression in the bone

A

fossa and fovea

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103
Q

What type of anesthesia would be used on an elbow scope?

A

General for total relaxation

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104
Q

adduction

A

bring toward the middle; toward the midline

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105
Q

steinman

A

pin segments in large diameters used for skeletal traction

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106
Q

supinate

A

turn upward

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107
Q

if implants are different alloys or reused

A

corrode, causing breakdown of implant, can causes irriation

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108
Q

lag screw

A

used with side plate held in place with a compression screw

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109
Q

stimulator

A

low level current treatment of nonunion or delayed union

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110
Q

small gouge

A

gouge out bone

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111
Q

sesamoid bone

A

found within tendons

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112
Q

bunion

A

bony growth (exostosis) medical aspect first toe

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113
Q

what type of procedure can be useful in finding tumors>

A

bone scan, with injection of substance

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114
Q

smiley retractor

A

hold back structures

knees

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115
Q

long arm cast

A

ulnar/radius or elbow fracture

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116
Q

polyester, braided nylon

A

attach tendon to bone

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117
Q

plaster rool

A

protection of an extremity during the healing process

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118
Q

four steps to fracture treatment

A

reduction, stabilize, confirm with xray, immobilize

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119
Q

rounded protuberance that forms a joint articulation, is covered by cartilage and is found at the ends of bone?

A

condyls

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120
Q

shoulder arthroscopy

A

used for diagnosis, removal of loose bodies, rotator cuff repiars

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121
Q

arthrography

A

joints

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122
Q

the malignant tumor osteosarcoma primarliy affects the ____ bones and commonly metastasizes to the lungs

A

long

123
Q

inversion

A

turning the foot inward at the ankle joint

124
Q

reamer

A

giving the finishing touch to the hole

125
Q

what do you utilize for shoulder arthroscopy positioning?

A

beach chair/ trapezee

126
Q

dorsiflexion

A

specifically to bend foot upward at ankle

127
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of a joint

128
Q

hibbs retractor

A

hold back structures for hip surgery

129
Q

what should be used when bending plates?

A

plate benders from specific manufacturer

130
Q

four steps in the routine for inserting a screw

A

drill, measure, tap, screw

131
Q

a benign tumor of the cartilage is called a ____ whereas a benign tumor of the bone is called an _____

A

chrondoma, osteoma

132
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bent but not broken all the way, occurs in children

133
Q

flat bones

A

ribs, sternum, cranial bones

134
Q

small elevation of bone

A

tubercle

135
Q

three goals of positioning

A

exposure,alignment, nerve safety

136
Q

pin cutter

A

cut large pins

137
Q

burrs

A

remove unwanted bone

138
Q

another name for manmade fracture

fixation device used? and why?

A

osteotomy

staples- gradually push apart the two bones

139
Q

rod or nail

A

placed in the IM shaft of long bones

140
Q

distraction

A

pulling apart

141
Q

what is the tissue that covers the ends of the long bones (the condyles)?

A

cartilage

142
Q

smooth pin

A

stabilize fractures

143
Q

what does diagnostic arthroscopy mean?

A

to look

144
Q

which sesamoid bone is found in the knee?

A

patella

145
Q

test used to test joint stability of shoulder

A

spirling and hawkins

146
Q

fiber optic light cord

A

provide light

147
Q

What is it called when you take a piece of bone from the femoral condyle when doing an ACL?

A

Notchplasty

148
Q

ankylosis

A

abnormal stiffness or fixation of a joint

149
Q

artificial knee joint components

A

femoral/tibial and patellar components

150
Q

box chisel

A

take out square of bone- make window

total hips

151
Q

what areas should be isolated when the surgical site is on the upper third of the leg?

A

groin/anal

152
Q

operative arthroscopy

A

meants to work

153
Q

list 3 types of tractiion

A

skin, manual, skeletal

154
Q

why would a surgeon choose to do a closed reduction with cast?

A

lower infection, improve results

155
Q

bucket handle tear

A

meniscus is torn, most common knee injury

156
Q

two extra equipment in the room for ortho case

A

TV tower, implant carts, distraction devices

157
Q

five types of diarthrosis joints

A 
gliding-carpals of the wrist
hinge-elbow, knee
pivot-wrist
condyloid-TMJ
saddle-metacarpal of thumb
158
Q

bankwart, putti platt, bristow

A

used for a recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder

159
Q

orthopediic plates

A

used with screws and bent to fit the bone to hold the fragments in place during healing

160
Q

wire scissors

A

cut finge gauge wire

161
Q

varus

A

turns inward toward midline

162
Q

three main components of external fixators?

A

bone anchoring device, longitudional supports, connecting elements

163
Q

steps for closed reduction

A

prepare a bucket of lukewarm water
use scissors to prepare the stockinette of approp. length
pass the webril/plaster
drop the plaster or fiberglass vertically
wait for all bubbles to ceases; compress to remove excess water
pass plaster roll or fiber glass
elevate on pillow using flat of hand
air dry or use the cast drier

164
Q

the malignant tumor occurring in the bone marrow is called _____

A

multiple myeloma

165
Q

what is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

A

ligament: stability, dense, hold bone to bone
tendon: transmits force, tough, form end s of muscles

166
Q

three types of joint immobilization devices

A

collar, bunion, shoe

167
Q

hand drill with key

A

insert or remove traction key

not often used in OR

168
Q

cortical screw

A

used in cortical bone, narrow threads, go across whole width of bone

169
Q

short leg cast

A

ankle and foot fractures, triple arthrodesis

170
Q

arthrodesis

A

surgical fusion of a joint

171
Q

four types of devices used for oRIF

A

pin, wire,- most common screw, rod

172
Q

Four reasons why a shoulder scope would be done?

A

Loose bodies, lysis of adhesions, synovial bx, bursectomy

173
Q

osteogenesis

A

formation of bone

174
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation of a joint

175
Q

esmark

A

exsanguinate extremity

176
Q

type of alloys used in the manufacturing process?

A

stainless steel

177
Q

avascular necrosis

A

disruption of the blood supply due to trauma, diease, or medications

178
Q

will the surgeon need a tap if the screw is a pretapped screw?

A

yes to make a path for the threads to follow

179
Q

hammer toe

A

also known as claw or mallet due to position of joints

180
Q

three types of synovial joints

A

elbow, knee, shoulder

181
Q

main complication of osteoporosis

A

break

182
Q

spica cast

A

immobilization of hip/leg of affected side to the mid thigh of unaffected leg

183
Q

total hip acetabular component

A

replace arthritic acetabulum

184
Q

if an arm is moved away from the body and the fingertips are made to touch the shoulder, what 2 motion words describe these movements?

A

abduction, flexion

185
Q

femoral broach/reamer

A

open up femoral canal

186
Q

the appendicular skeleton refers to the ___ and ___ the axial skeleton refers to the ___,___,___ and ___

A

upper, lower, cranium, vertabrae, ribs, sternum

187
Q

complication fro cast being placed too tight?

A

compartmental snydrome, ishechemia

188
Q

nonunion

A

bone healing is interrupted

189
Q

sprain

A

stretched or torn ligament

190
Q

______ is an inflammation and infection of the bone and bone marrow. it is a danger with any kind of ortho surgery. the genus _____ bacteria are the most common causative organisms

A

osteomyelitis, staphylcocci

191
Q

preparation of plaster rolls

A

submerge in tepid water, don’t ring out

192
Q

how many bones are in the body?

A

206

193
Q

ACL reconstruction is done after what 3 things are tried first?

A

Rehab, exercise, brace

194
Q

What is the most common graft used for ACL?

A

Patellar tendon graft

195
Q

rasp

A

smooth bone

used on larger bone

196
Q

lewin bone clamp

A

hold bone in place

total joint

197
Q

comminuted fracture

A

several pieces

198
Q

wire nips

A

cut small wire

199
Q

arthroscopic bankart procedure

A

uses a shaver, burr, suture hook, and MITEK anchors for an arthroscopic repair

200
Q

total knee tibial component

A

replace tibial surface of knee joint

201
Q

nibbler, single action ronguer, double action ronguer

A

bite off tissue

202
Q

what is the purose of a notchplasty during an acl reconstruction?

A

to make avaible space for graft

203
Q

where is the medullary canal found?

A

shaft of long bones

204
Q

Synovitis

A

Inflammation of synovial lining

205
Q

amphiarthrotic

A

slightly movable

206
Q

joint

A

articulation

207
Q

what should the extremity be padded with?

A

webril

208
Q

eversion

A

turning the foot outward at the ankle joint

209
Q

what should you think of when inserting wire?

A

hot is will be secured, if it will be passed through bone

210
Q

if a fracture is treated with closed reduction and hardware is inserted under what type of xray?

A

fluoroscopy

211
Q

what are the differences between standard xray and fluoroscopy?

A

f: live and immediate
xray: still

212
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? axial skeleton?

A

126,80

213
Q

metatarsal arthroplasty component

A

replace metatarsal joint

rheumatoid joints-plastic not cemented

214
Q

osteoarthritis

A

when flexible tissue at end of bones wear down

215
Q

curette

A

scrape out small amounts of bone

216
Q

projection on the surface of the bone above it si the

A

epicondyl

217
Q

drill bits

A

drill holes in bones

makes path for screw to be inserted

218
Q

bone cutter

A

cut away bone

amputate fingers

219
Q

the _____ tumor is a malignant tumor primarily affecting young boys

A

ewings

220
Q

abduction

A

moving a body part away from the midline of the body

221
Q

total hip femoral component

A

replace femoral head and neck

222
Q

what bones articulate to form the shoulder joint?

A

scapula, humerus, glenoid

223
Q

chisel

A

cut bone

224
Q

what are used when using rods and nails and removing them?

A

impactors, extractors

225
Q

three joints of the shoulder girdle

A

glenoidoclavicle, acromicalavior, steroclavicular

226
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic inflammation affecting may joints

227
Q

periosteal elevator

A

separate periosteum from bone

228
Q

mice

A

locking or pain in joint due to loose particles

229
Q

avulsion

A

tissue torn away from normal attachments

230
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

231
Q

bone file

A

smooth bone

used in totals

232
Q

what type of fracture treatment builds an external frame to support the fracture?

A

external fixation

233
Q

as susie fell when she was pushed, she fell onto her outstretched hand, fracturing the distal radius, this is called a ____ fracture

A

colles

234
Q

exsanguination

A

bloodless field

235
Q

what is the part of the humerus closest to the heart?

A

proximal, medial

236
Q

plates

A

bridge to promote bone healing

237
Q

why is continuous irrigation used in arthroscopy?

A

easier to move

238
Q

staples

A

staple bone together

may need several at one time

239
Q

reciprocating saw

A

back and forth

240
Q

joint of shoulder

A

ball and socket joint

241
Q

hemopoesis

A

bones are a site for blood cell formation, found in bone marrow

242
Q

an elevation or protruderence of bone

A

tuberosity

243
Q

cobra retractor

A

hold back structures

hips

244
Q

what are the three reasons why open reduction with external fixation is done?

A

to avoid cast, allow skin graft, maintain alignment

245
Q

cancellous screw

A

wider spaced threads

condylar ends of the shaft, doesn’t cross whole bone

246
Q

wire twist

A

twist wire

247
Q

3 safety precautions taken when using tourniquets

A

1hr upper, 2 hr lower, make sure padded

248
Q

dupuytrens

A

abnormal formation cuasing ring and little fingers to bend

249
Q

proximal

A

nearest, near to point of attachment of origin

250
Q

why is draping the ortho patient more of a challenge than draping an abd procedure?

A

more to drape around, can contaminate on more items, infection higher

251
Q

4 advantages of arthroscopy

1 disadvantage

A

less invasive, less risk of infection, less recovery time

D: less maneuverability

252
Q

what do all arthroscopies involve to facilitate opening the joint space for viewing and treatment?

A

distraction device

253
Q

three categories of fracture treatment

A

ORIF, closed, external fixation

254
Q

pronate

A

turn downward

255
Q

bennett retractor

A

hold back structures, dull

256
Q

depth gauge

A

measure hold for screw length needed

257
Q

four areas where cancellous grafts can be taken from?

A

ilium, olecranon, distal radius, iliac crest

258
Q

What does ACL stand for?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

259
Q

hohmann retractor

A

hold back structures for hip surgery

260
Q

end of bones

A

epiphysis

261
Q

three steps to placing cancellous screws

A

drill, tap, screw

262
Q

lowman bone clamp

A

hold bone in place

self retaining

263
Q

chief diagnostic tool for ortho?

A

xray

264
Q

impacted fracture

A

broken ends are jammed together

265
Q

what is the purpose of bones?

A

provide framework to support soft tissue

266
Q

israel retractor

A

hold back structures

dull

267
Q

four places where cortical grafts can be taken form?

A

tibia, fibula, ribs, iliac crest

268
Q

purpose of traction, types

A

align body parts, skin manual skeletal

269
Q

self retaining screwdriver

A

insert or remove screws

270
Q

red bone marrow

A

produces RBCs, platelets and wBCs

271
Q

phillips screwdriver

A

insert or remove screws

272
Q

what happens when the epiphyseal plate is fractured on a child?

A

affects the childs growth

273
Q

external rotation

A

turn or flex/rotate the toes or arm away from the midline

274
Q

addition of healthy bone to an area to promote bone growth and what is it used for?

A

bone grafting

fill cavities, fill defects, promote fracture union

275
Q

medial

A

nearer to the midline of the body

276
Q

tap

A

created the threads in the bone

277
Q

elastic, resilient supporting tissue found at the ends of bone?

A

cartilage

278
Q

what method of immobilization is commonly used after closed reduction?

A

splint

279
Q

wire cutter/pliers

A

cut large gauge wire

280
Q

why are splints used in casting?

A

swelling

281
Q

when closing the periosteum, use ______ suture such as ___ and ___ and for bone use ___ suture such as _____

A

absorable, vicryl, chromic, nonabsorbable, surgical steel

282
Q

two considerations for the prone position

A

airway, range of motion

283
Q

gooseneck ronguer

A

bite off tissue

back procedures

284
Q

stainless steel

A

used to secure bone to bone

285
Q

genu valgum

A

knees close to the midline increasing the space between the ankles

286
Q

example of round bone

A

kneecap

287
Q

which category of fracture treatment is the treatment of choice when possible?

A

closed reduction

288
Q

info required regarding implant documentation

A

number of implants, type, size, serial numbers

289
Q

leksell rongue

A

bite off tissue

back procedures

290
Q

what is contained within the medullary canal?

A

yellow bone marrow

291
Q

diarthrotic

A

Freely movable most common

292
Q

drill

A

high concentrated power, making brand new hold

293
Q

what basic ortho instruments would you have available to work on a medium sized bone like the tibia?

A

ferris smith, kelly, pean, kocher, ronguer, #3 with #10

294
Q

hip prosthesis austin moore

A

replace fractured femoral head/neck

295
Q

masses of tissue that cover bones and provide movement to the skeletal system

A

muscles

296
Q

arthroscope and camera

A

allow to view inside of joint

297
Q

distal

A

farther fromm the origin of a structure or from a given reference

298
Q

long bones

A

humerus, femur, tibia, fibula

299
Q

what does the bones serve as a storage site and reservoir for?

A

minerals

300
Q

femoral impactor

A

drive component into place on total hip arthroplasty

301
Q

where are lag screws used to stablizie fractures?

A

greater trochanter of the hip

302
Q

four steps to placing cortical screws

A

drill, measure, tap, screw

303
Q

basic instruments needed for an arthroscopy

A

trocar, scope, camera, irrigation, shaver, biter, hook, debrider

304
Q

bone hook

A

hook and manipulate bone

total hip arthroplasty

ST (35 decks)

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