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NEURO test Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the central nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges from outside to inside?

A

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

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3
Q

what part of the brain controls equilibrium?

A

cerebellum

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4
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for vital function control?

A

medulla oblongata

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5
Q

what arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

carotid, vertebral

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6
Q

what might the neurosurgeon use to attach the drapes to the skin of the patient?

A

staples, towel clips

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7
Q

how many pairs of crainal nerve are there? spinal nerves?

A

12,31

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8
Q

list three special precautions taken with the neurosurgical patient

A

foley, scd’s, bipolar cautery

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9
Q

what are the sponges used in neurosurgery called?

A

raytec, cottonoids, cotton balls

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10
Q

list three types of diagnostics used by the neurosurgeon?

A

xray, MRI, CT

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11
Q

what should you do if you are assisting the surgeon with a craniotomy incision?

A

hold pressure on the skin

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12
Q

what is done with the bone that is removed during a craniotomy?

A

placed in moist raytec

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13
Q

what approaches can be used for a hypophysectomy?

A

transphenoidal and frontal craniotomy-larger

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14
Q

in the st role what do you need to do when the surgeon is working through the microscope on a neuro case?

A

hand how they will use it, keep them clean

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15
Q

why is intracranial revascularization doen?

A

AV malformation, trauma, restore blood flow

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16
Q

3 advantages of sterotaxis?

A

less anesthesia time, accurate, smaller opening

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17
Q

what is the procedure called when a subfreezing temp substance is used to create a lesion and treat diease?

A

cryosurgery

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18
Q

which shunt is longer VA or VP?

A

ventriculoperitoneal

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19
Q

what is the big table called that goes over the body of the neuro patient?

A

mayfield

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20
Q

why is the microscope preferred over loupes?

A

gives more light

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21
Q

what is the purpose of taking a lateral xray prior to beginning spinal procedures?

A

assure correct level

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22
Q

symptoms of a patient with bony changes of the spinal column that require a laminectomy would include?

A

pain, loss of mobility

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23
Q

when a patient has a herniated disc, symptoms will be?

A

numbess, tingling, on the side

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24
Q

spondylosis

A

age related wear and tear of the spinal disks

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25
Q

lumbar discoscopy involves?

A

thoracic or general surgeon

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26
Q

what do you need to add to your set up if the dura is opened to remove a spinal cord tumor? SUTURE

A

prolene, duralone

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27
Q

corpectomy

A

removing all or part of the vertebral body, bone graft to fill in

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28
Q

what must the ST keep track of during spinal fixation?

A

implanted hardware and whether it is left in or taken out

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29
Q

where is the info during a spinal fixation placed?

A

implant record

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30
Q

suture for a periopheral nerve repair would be what type and size?

A

fine nylon 8-0,9-0, 10-0

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31
Q

what is the penfield 1-4?

A

dissector

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32
Q

primary benign tumor that arises from the protective covering of brain

A

meningioma

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33
Q

facial sinus used for surgical approach to pituitary adenoma

A

sphenoid

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34
Q

results most often from skull trauma over the middle meningeal artery

A

epidural hematoma

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35
Q

circle of willis is?

A

network of major arteries in the brain

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36
Q

how many vertebrae are there in the normal adult spine?

A

33

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37
Q

approach most desirable for treatment of herniated cervical disk with interbody fusion

A

anterior medial

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38
Q

which anatomical structure is the tough band that encases the intervertebral disc material?

A

annulus fibrosis

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39
Q

what is a kerrison?

A

rongeur

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40
Q

which surgical procedure treats compression of the median nerve by transverse ligament?

A

carpal tunnel release

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41
Q

which portion of the spinal column consists of five fused vertebrae?

A

sacrum

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42
Q

another name for C1?

A

atlas

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43
Q

name of the structure that the pituitary gland sits on?

A

sella turcica

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44
Q

what is the name of the structure that produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus

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45
Q

which instrument could be used for burr hole cranial perforation in no power is available?

A

hudson brace

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46
Q

used for scalp hemostasis and resembles a crile or kelly except curved to the side

A

dandy

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47
Q

what is the distal most area of the spinal cord or spinal nerves called?

A

filum terminale

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48
Q

largest part of the human brain?

A

cerebrum

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49
Q

countable surgical sponges used in neuro procedures to protect delicate tissue

A

patties

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50
Q

what test would detect an aneurysm next to the circle of willis?

A

cerebral angiogram

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51
Q

anatomical area where CSF circulates over all parts of the CNS

A

subarachnoid space

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52
Q

anatomical structure that the distal end of VP shunt catheter is inserted into?

A

peritoneal cavity

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53
Q

what si the name of the pin fixation device for neurosurgical cranial positioning?

A

mayfield

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54
Q

craniosynostosis is a congenital defect involving?

A

premature cranial suture closure

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55
Q

fiducials placed on bony landmarks assist in what?

A

sterotactic guided imagery

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56
Q

posterior fossa craniectomy is performed for pathology involving?

A

cerebellum

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57
Q

diagnostic study that demonstrates a herniated disc and filling defect

A

myelogram

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58
Q

part of the vertebra that projects posteriorly and is palpable through the skin

A

spinous process

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59
Q

soft, gelatinous part of intervertebral disc, sent as specimen after diskectomy

A

nucleus pulposus

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60
Q

what are osteophytes?

A

bony spurs

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61
Q

result of torn bridging veins between the cerebral cortex and venous sinuses

A

subdural hematoma

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62
Q

lowest part of the brain stem and contiguous with the spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata

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63
Q

what is not a congenital anomaly?

A

HNP

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64
Q

deep groove of the cerebrum that separates the brain into 2 lobes

A

fissure

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65
Q

portion of the spinal column with 5 vertebrae

A

lumbar

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66
Q

instrument used to extract pieces of the nucleus pulposus ina diskectomy

A

pituitary rongeur

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67
Q

dural fold that separates the right and left hemispheres for the cerebrum

A

falx cerebri

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68
Q

wilson, andrews and hall frames are positioning devices are used for?

A

lumbar laminectomy

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69
Q

position usually used for micro decompression endoscopic diskectomy

A

lateral

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70
Q

esophagus, carotid artery, and trachea are retracted medially?

A

ACDF

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71
Q

area where autologous bone graft is usually procedure for ACDF?

A

iliac crest

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72
Q

measuring device used to assess intraventricular pressure

A

manometer

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73
Q

part of the body is prepped for ulnar nerve decompression or transposition?

A

upper extremity down

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74
Q

visual cortex of the brain is located in which region?

A

occipital

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75
Q

neurosurgical retractor that has attachments for malleable brain spatulas and spoons

A

leyla yasargil

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76
Q

papaverine is used in craniotomy for aneurysm clipping to prevent?

A

vasospasm

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77
Q

name of the out folding convolutions of the brain

A

gyri

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78
Q

which layer has the closest and most intimate contact with the brain?

A

pia

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79
Q

instrument used to strip and separate the galea and pericranium from the skull

A

langenbeck elevator

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80
Q

what attachment to craniotome is needed to protect the dura and underlying tissues?

A

dural guard

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81
Q

where do most intracranial aneurysms occur?

A

arterial bifurcations

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82
Q

group of spinal nerves that continue from the distal spinal cord at about L2?

A

cauda equina

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83
Q

largest pair of bilateral nerves and innervate the buttocks and lower extremities?

A

sciatic

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84
Q

retractor with proximal hook for wound and distal hook for attachment of weight or sandbag

A

taylor

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85
Q

disease of the spinal nerve roots that results in pain, numbness, tingling or weakness

A

radiculopathy

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86
Q

skull flap can be reattached to the cranium by?

A

titanium plates and screws

87
Q

mode of electrosurgical energy most used in neuro surgery around delicate tissue?

A

bipolar

88
Q

uses variable ultrasonic energy to remove tumor tissue

A

CUSA

89
Q

inability to move the lower part of the body

A

paraplegia

90
Q

method of 3 dimensional plotting for guidance and biopsy?

A

sterotaxis

91
Q

mechanism of supplying oxygen to an area of an organ when normal perfusion is interrupted?

A

collateral flow

92
Q

infection of CNS tissue via direct injury or circulatory transfer?

A

brain abcess

93
Q

most primitive part of the CNS, responsible for basic life functions

A

brain stem

94
Q

cannulated instrument designed to provide passage for a catheter

A

tunneler

95
Q

generation of heat during a chemical reaction

A

exothermic

96
Q

what are cranial and spinal nerves?

A

peripheral nervous system

97
Q

functional system of the nervous system are?

A

voluntary and involuntary

98
Q

2 parts of a neuron?

A

cell body and axon

99
Q

parasympathetic increases heart rate and is known as fight or flight?

A

false

100
Q

nervous system depends on?

A

circulatory system for glucose and O2

101
Q

cranium has how many bone?

A

8

102
Q

anterior fontanelle closes at?

A

18 months

103
Q

neuroglial cell create an environment neurons can efficiently perform in?

A

true

104
Q

skull has 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones?

A

true

105
Q

galea of the scalp

A

connects muscles front to back

106
Q

involuntary nervous system divisions

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

107
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

foramen magnum

level of L1 and L2

108
Q

where does the spinal cord run?

A

in the vertebral canal and is continuation of brain stem

109
Q

ventral nerve root arises from spinal cord to form spinal nerve and?

A

brain to body, controls motor function, is anterior

110
Q

there are 3 ventricles in the brain

A

false

111
Q

all ventricles are filled with CSF and most CSF is formed in the 4th ventricle?

A

false

112
Q

what does the gray matter of the cerebral cortex contain?

A

neuron cell bodies

113
Q

what does the gray matter of the cerebral cortex do?

A

conducts higher mental function like movement and behavior

114
Q

white matter in comparison to gray matter location

A

white below gray

115
Q

cerebrum divided into 2 hemispheres and connected by nerve fibers that allow communication

A

corpus callosum

116
Q

fissure are landmarks on the brain. the later fissure?

A

divides temporal from frontal and parietal lobes

117
Q

hindbrain consists of?

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

118
Q

cerebellum helps control coordination and equilibrium?

A

true

119
Q

cranial remodeling is not done to treat craniosynostosis

A

false

120
Q

CSF flows in the?

A

subarachnoid

121
Q

fissure of roland?

A

divides frontal from parietal lobe, is an indentation, central fissure

122
Q

circle of willis location

A

cerebellum

123
Q

main blood supply to brain is anterior, internal carotid art. and posterior, vertebral art.

A

true

124
Q

brain oxygen

A

requires 20% more than any other organ

125
Q

dorsal nerve root is posterior and handles sensory stimuli and?

A

handles stimuli body to brain

126
Q

medulla oblongata

A

vital to sustaining life, controls RR and HR, impulses located here

127
Q

neural arch is formed by pedicles and lamina and is posterior part of vertebral foramen

A

true

128
Q

part of brain that relays info between forebrain and hindbrain

A

cerebral peduncles and midbrain

129
Q

most frequent site of cerebral aneurysm

A

circle of willis

130
Q

what is the forebrain?

A

cerebrum

131
Q

cerebrum governs all motor activites and sensory impulses and is the center for?

A

memory, intelligence and reason

132
Q

gyri of the cerebrum are?

A

convolutions in the surface

133
Q

greenberg

A

self retaining cranial retractor

134
Q

scoville malleable brain spoon

A

cranial retractor to depress or elevate brain tissue

135
Q

craniotome and perforator

A

create burr holes- stops automatically

136
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant cranial tumor that cant be excised

137
Q

most common reasons for neurosurgery?

A

cancer, trauma

138
Q

what is the most common brain tumor?

A

glioma

139
Q

what symptoms are associated with acoustic neuroma?

A

headache, loss of hearing

140
Q

what does acoustic neuroma affect?

A

8th cranial nerve

141
Q

position for occipital surgery

A

sitting, prone

142
Q

instrument to create burr holes

A

midas rex, craniotome

143
Q

done to counteract friction

A

irrigate with saline

144
Q

used to enlarge holes? what should be done with bone chips?

A

kerrison

save bone chips

145
Q

how is bleeding controlled during craniotomy?

A

bone wax

146
Q

how is the dura separated from the bone flap?

A

3 penfield

147
Q

how is the dura lifted free? what is used to protect?

A

durahook

cottonoids

148
Q

what is used to provide visualization during craniotomy?

A

brain spoons

149
Q

ideal temp of irrigation within cranium?

A

body temp

150
Q

describe CUSA

A

emits energy that emulsifies abnormal tissue

151
Q

ICP, procedure to place ICP monitor

A

intracranial pressure

burr hole or craniectomy

152
Q

causes of hydrocephalus

A

obstruction

malformation

153
Q

incision for pituitary tumor

A

upper gum

154
Q

what is used to remove pituitary tumor? what is used to replace tissue?

A

ronguer

fascia from thigh

155
Q

laminectomy

A

remove lamina, doesn’t damage veins when you incise

156
Q

discetomy

A

removal of a disk between vertebrae

157
Q

spinal fusion, how is it done?

A

fixation of unstable segment of spine

done after discectomy rods, screws

158
Q

ACDF

A

supine, lamina no removed

159
Q

PCDF

A

prone, 3 pins, mayfield

160
Q

why is thoracotomy approach more popular for thoracic vertebral surgery?

A

small diameter of thoracic spinal canal

161
Q

rhizotomy and why?

A

severed nerve roots in spinal cord, relieve back pain

162
Q

procedure to relieve pressure on median nerve

A

carpal tunnel release

163
Q

purpose of SCD’s

A

prevent DVT and PE

164
Q

why do neurosurgeons drape?

A

its complex

165
Q

marking incision

A

marking pencil, back of scalpel

NEVER METHYENE BLUE-inflammatory

166
Q

purpose of Raney clips

A

compression, hemostasis

167
Q

bipolar electrosurgery

A

current is isolated so less is required

168
Q

what can be used to control bleeding when usual forms can’t be?

A

patients own fat

169
Q

hemostatics

A

thrombin oxycel

170
Q

diuretics

A

mannitol, lasix

171
Q

antibiotics

A

vancomycin, bacitracin

172
Q

antinflammatory

A

dexamethasone

173
Q

lumbar puncture

A

gain access to CSF

174
Q

angiography

A

injected into arteries, study vessels of the brain

175
Q

myelography

A

uses fluoro to see where dye is flowing

176
Q

EEG

A

brain activity, place electrodes

177
Q

neuron

A

most important cell

178
Q

cell body

A

receives input

179
Q

axon

A

send messages

180
Q

neuron and neuroglial cells

A

make up neurons system

181
Q

glial cells

A

support neurons

182
Q

where do spinal nerves emerge from?

A

spinal cord

183
Q

nervous system functions

A

sensory, motor, integrative

184
Q

subq tissue

A

vascular

185
Q

fontanelles

A

baby’s soft spots, present at birth

186
Q

dura mater

A

outermost

187
Q

arachnoid

A

middle

188
Q

pia mater

A

vascular inner membrane

189
Q

subarachnoid space

A

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

190
Q

how many parts of the brain?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

191
Q

sulci

A

furrows

192
Q

what is the cerebral cortex known as?

A

gray matter

193
Q

midbrain location

A

between the 2 cerebral hemispheres

194
Q

midbrain

A

visual and auditory sense

195
Q

pons

A

white matter, relay between the peduncles and medulla

196
Q

medulla oblongata location

A

between spinal cord and pons

197
Q

CSF

A

support and cushion brain and spinal cord, filter out waste

3x per day

198
Q

what is the spinal cord protected by?

A

same coverings as the brain

199
Q

what are the cranial nerves responsible for?

A

sensory and motor

200
Q

position for cranial procedures

A

sitting or supine

201
Q

position for spinal procedures

A

supine or prone

202
Q

why is the incision site injected?

A

to control bleed

203
Q

when is raytec used?

A

before the skull or spinal cord are opened

204
Q

craniectomy

A

removing more bone than burr holes does

205
Q

craniotomy

A

making a flap- will put back on later

206
Q

why is the bone flap left intact on part of the skin?

A

for blood blood to scalp

207
Q

why must CSF rhinorrhea be corrected?

A

dura is compromised

208
Q

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

A

removing pituitary tumor through nose

209
Q

why doesn’t the catheter flow up?

A

valve, hemorrhage if pumped too much after surgery

210
Q

reasons for shunt replacement

A

failure, growth not for the valve!!

211
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation involves spinal cord and brain

212
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

weakness of skeletal muscles of the body

213
Q

anterior cervial fusion

A

relieve pain in neck, no laminectomy required, iliac crest

ST (35 decks)

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