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CARDIO Flashcards

1
Q

where does the respiratory system begin?

A

nares and trachea

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2
Q

what is a pnuemothorax? how is it corrected?

A

when a hole is made in the chest and the lung deflates

chest tube to recreate the neg/ pressure

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3
Q

which way does the diaphragm move during inspiration and expiration?

A

I-down

E-up

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4
Q

what is external respiration

A

when you breath in oxygen and release CO2

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5
Q

what is internal respiration

A

when blood carries oxygen to caillaries where it exchanged for the CO2 and carried back to lungs to exhale

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6
Q

list the common diagnostic tools used for thoracic pathology

A

chest xray
CT scan
bronch

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7
Q

what is a bleb?

A

fluid filled sac in the lung

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8
Q

how are chest tubes secured?

A

silk suture

penduate

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9
Q

list the 3 types of bronch specimens

A

biopsy
washings
brushings

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10
Q

what is decortication?

A

removal of fibrinous deposits on the visceral or perietal pleura that interfere with respiratory function

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11
Q

what is thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

compession of subclavian vessels and brachial plexus nerve complex at the superior aperture of the thorax

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12
Q

the muscle layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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13
Q

the right side of the heart has ______ chambers, called ____ and ______. They carry ______ blood through the _____ valve

A

2, atrium, ventricle, deoxygenated, pulmonary

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14
Q

which chamber of the heart is the largest and strongest?

A

left ventricle

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15
Q

the vessel that carries blood to the lungs from the heart

A

pulmonary arteries

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16
Q

4 valves of the heart

A

aortic, mitral, pulmonary, tricuspid

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17
Q

when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the capillaries

A

internal respiration

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18
Q

when arteries are plaque filled

A

atherosclerosis

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19
Q

invasive test to diagnose atherosclerosis

A

cardiac catheterization

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20
Q

route of electrical activity of the heart

A

SA, AV, bundle of his, purkinjee fibers

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21
Q

what is inserted after a needle has been used to find the artery for placement of a catheter?

A

guide wire

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22
Q

cardiace cath is done under?

A

local anesthesia and fleuroscopy

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23
Q

blood pressure is monitored with every beat of the heart using?

A

arterial line

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24
Q

what is the thorax separated from the abd cavity?

A

diaphragm

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25
Q

how many pairs of ribs and vertebra?

A

12

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26
Q

the respiratory system divisions

A

nares and trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronci, tertiary bronchi

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27
Q

right lung lobes

A

3

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28
Q

what do lungs do?

A

exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen

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29
Q

left lung lobes

A

2

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30
Q

alveoli

A

exchange of carbon dioxide and oyxgen

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31
Q

surfactant

A

decreases surface tension on the tissue and keeps it from collapsing

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32
Q

pleural cavity right and left

A

each contain a lung

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33
Q

what are the lungs lined with?

A

pleural membrane and separated in the middle by the mediastinum

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34
Q

what is the pleural membrane further divide into?

A

parietal and visceral pleura

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35
Q

what does pleural fluid do?

A

lubrication between the 2 membrances

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36
Q

what is needed to keep the lungs inflated?

A

negative pressure

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37
Q

top of the lung

A

apex

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38
Q

root of the lung

A

hilium

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39
Q

inspiration

A

you breath in and the diaphragm moves down to make room for the expanding lungs

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40
Q

expiration

A

you breath out and the diaphragm moves up as the lungs deflate

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41
Q

what type of test isn’t done for thoracic pathology?

A

ultrasound, can’t pass through structures

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42
Q

bronchial arteries

A

branch off the aorta

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43
Q

what does each bronchus have?

A

its own pulmonary artery and vein

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44
Q

empyema

A

infection of the pleural fluid causing pus

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45
Q

postions used most often

A

lateral, don’t lean on patient

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46
Q

when is a double lumen ET tube used?

A

when the affected lung will need to be collapsed during the procedure

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47
Q

CVP

A

central venous pressure monitoring line

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48
Q

swan ganz catheter

A

monitors heart function, pulmonary artery

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49
Q

thoracostomty

A

incsion made into the chest wall to provide an opening for the purpose of drainage, then catheter entered to drain fluid

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50
Q

underwater chest drainage sytem

A

used with chest tube to reestablish negative pressure in chest cavity

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51
Q

mini thoracotomy

A

no chest tube, just make small incsion to create negative pressure

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52
Q

3 needs for chest tubes to function properly

A

positive expiratory pressure, gravity, suction

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53
Q

PEEP

A

maintance of positive pressure within the lungs at the end of expiration

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54
Q

thoracic procedure meds

A

normally epidural

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55
Q

bronch

A

inspect inside of the trachea and bronci

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56
Q

biospies

A

tiny bits of tissue out of biopsy forceps

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57
Q

washings

A

pap trap to collect

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58
Q

brushings

A

smear on slide

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59
Q

mediastinoscopy

A

suprasternal incision

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60
Q

tracheotomy

A

tube must be ready prior to incision, obturator stays with the patient

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61
Q

what can be accessed with anterior or posterior thoracic incsions?

A

lung, heart, aorta, esophagus

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62
Q

thoracic incisions

A

anterior or posterior or thoracoabdominal

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63
Q

pneumonectomy

A

excision of entire lung, done for cancer

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64
Q

lobectomy

A

excision of lobe, irreversable dilation of the bronchi

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65
Q

wedge resection

A

removal of lung wedge for diagnosis

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66
Q

TA 55

A

bronchus when a pneumonectomy is being done

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67
Q

GIA

A

used for wedge resection

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68
Q

thoracoscopy

A

endoscipic view of pleural space looking at the outside of the lung for blebs

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69
Q

how is thoracic outlet syndrome treated?

A

resection of the first rib

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70
Q

treatment option for patients with chronic emphysema when other medical management isn’t effective

A

lung volume reduction

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71
Q

emphysema

A

destorys the walls of the alveoli and patient suffers dyspnea

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72
Q

lung transplant

A

can be single or double

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73
Q

single lung transplant

A

emphysema, pulmonary hypertension

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74
Q

double lung transplant

A

cystic fibrosis or chronic infection in end stage pulmonary disease

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75
Q

what might a lung transplant be in conjunction with?

A

heart transplant

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76
Q

what can the donor be for a lung transplant?

A

cadaver, brain death, living relatives

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77
Q

what is the lung submersed in after transplant?

A

collins

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78
Q

3 anastomoses are done

A

bronchus to bronchus pulonary artery to pulmonary artery, recipient pulmonary veins to donor atrial cuff

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79
Q

pectus excavatum

A

breatbone is sunken into the chest

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80
Q

pectus carinatum

A

present during chilhood and worsens during adolescence, protrusion deformity

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81
Q

anastomis order for heart

A

distal then proximal

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82
Q

extremities anastomosis order

A

proximal then distal

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83
Q

what is the heart?

A

power pump of the circulatory system

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84
Q

how many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

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85
Q

what is the heart divided into?

A

right left halves

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86
Q

pericardial sac

A

heart is contained in this sac

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87
Q

parietal layer

A

outer layer

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88
Q

visceral layer

A

inner layer

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89
Q

pericardial fluid

A

separates the two layers and serves as a lubricant to prevent friction

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90
Q

epicardium

A

outer lining

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91
Q

endocardium

A

inner layer

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92
Q

where is the atrium located?

A

top

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93
Q

ventricles

A

larger and more muscular-left being the largest

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94
Q

aortic valve

A

between the aorta and left ventricle, leaves the heart

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95
Q

pulmonary valve

A

between the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery

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96
Q

mitral valve

A

between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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97
Q

tricuspid valve

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

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98
Q

blood supply to the heart

A

2 arteries that arise from the ascending aorta

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99
Q

what are the blood supplies to the heart called?

A

right and left coronary arteries

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100
Q

coronary arteries

A

found in the epicardium and branch off into smaller arteries

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101
Q

complete heart block

A

caused by MI, beta blockers

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102
Q

left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, which pumps it through the aortic valve into the aorta

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103
Q

right atria

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and pumps it through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, which pumps itt through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery

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104
Q

VEAL

A

veins enter the heart and arteries leave the heart

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105
Q

aorta

A

main artery of the body

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106
Q

what does the aorta do?

A

carries oxygenated blood out to the peripheral arteries

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107
Q

sections of the aorta

A

ascending, arch, descending, thoracic, abdominal

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108
Q

where is the aorta located?

A

off the heart near the left ventricle

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109
Q

innominate arteries

A

brachicephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

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110
Q

what do the innominate arteries do?

A

carry blood to the head and upper extremities

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111
Q

vena cava

A

largest veins of the body

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112
Q

where is the vena cava located?

A

off the heart near the right atrium

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113
Q

tunica advantitia

A

outer layer of blood vessels

114
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer of blood vessels

115
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost layer of blood vessels

116
Q

vasa vasora

A

network to supply vessels with blood

117
Q

arterial circulation

A

powered by the heart

118
Q

venous circulation

A

powered by skeletal muscles

119
Q

what is atherosclerosis also known as?

A

coronary artery disease

120
Q

where is the catheter for an cardiac cath normally placed?

A

femoral artery

121
Q

why is a cardiac cath done?

A

check function of the heart valves and coronary arteries are checked

122
Q

catheterization steps

A 
vessel is entered with a finder needle
guid wire is inserted
dilator is used to enlarge opening
catheter is threaded 
guide wire removed
catheter is secured
123
Q

most common valves for stenosis

A

aortic and mitral

124
Q

septum

A

wall separating the chambers of the heart

125
Q

patent ductus

A

vessel present in utero that shunts blood to the aorta instead of the lungs

126
Q

tetralogy of fallot

A

ventricular septal defect
pulmonary stenosis
an aorta that overrrides the ventricluar septal defect
right ventricular hypertrophy

127
Q

what happens with tetralogy of fallot

A

decreased blood flow, cyanosis, hypoxia

128
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

congenital defect that may not be discovered until adulhood, localized narrowing of the vessel if not fixed: stroke

129
Q

aneurysms

A

weakened wall of an artery

130
Q

can an aneurysm be congenital?

A

yes

131
Q

arterial embolisms

A

blood clot, fat, air or pieces of tumor that become lodged in a vessel and block the flow

132
Q

what is an arterial embolism treated with first?

A

anticoagulants

133
Q

intermittent claudication or arterial insufficiency

A

not enough blood flow to keep up with oxygen demands

134
Q

anemia

A

not enough healthy RBC to carry adequate oxygen to tissues

135
Q

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

prevents blood from clotting normally

136
Q

hemophilia

A

disorder of blood clotting system causeing prolonged bleeding

137
Q

marfans syndrome

A

affects musculosketetal system and cause cardiovascular abnormalities

138
Q

disease that is progressive, irreversible condition resulting in diminshed lung capacity

A

COPD

139
Q

chest tubes must be connected to an open drainage system that is kept above chest level

A

false

140
Q

lung scans are useful in identifying all of the following except

A

hypoxia

141
Q

what isnt a hemostatic agent used in thoracic surgery?

A

heparin

142
Q

may be taken upon completion of thoracic procedure to assess lung reexpansion

A

PA and later xrays

143
Q

the rigid bronchoscope is used to?

A

remove foreign object

144
Q

what postion is used to provide access to anterior lung surfaces and mediastinal structures

A

supine

145
Q

prognosis of patient who had thoracic surgery because of cancer depends on?

A

type, location, stage

146
Q

for lung transplant the patient may be directly transported to PACU to be closely monitored?

A

true

147
Q

many thoracic procedures require the patient to be placed in what position?

A

lateral

148
Q

which is a post op complciation of thoracic surgery

A

pe, hemorrhage, mediastinal shift

149
Q

most thoracic procedure sare performed under local anesthesia

A

false

150
Q

positioning for posterolateral thoracotomy approcach

A

lateral

151
Q

position used for median sternotomy approach

A

supine

152
Q

what is not a change in pressure of bluid in the respiratory system?

A

emphysema

153
Q

foley catheter

A

measures kidney function

154
Q

cardiopulmonary bypass machine

A

oxygenates and pumps the blood

155
Q

cannulas for bypass machine

A

right atrium and aortic

156
Q

insitu

A

devalve

157
Q

defibrillator

A

reestablish AV node operation of the heart

158
Q

heparin

A

thins blood, decreases clot forming, allow 3 minutes placed prior to entering a vessel

159
Q

protamine sulfate

A

counteract effect of heparin

160
Q

papaverine

A

keep arterial grafts from spasming

161
Q

epi

A

raise BP, stimulates heart

162
Q

cooling the CV pt

A

increase warmth, cool with slush

163
Q

characteristics of grafts

A

nonreactive to the body

164
Q

types of grafts

A

straight and bifurcated, cortex and woven

165
Q

prolene

A

monofilament

166
Q

ethibond

A

braided nonabsorbable, reinforce areas, sew in valves

167
Q

pledget

A

small piece of teflon patch, reinforce

168
Q

doppler probe

A

assess arterial flow

169
Q

coronary angioplasty

A

balloon used to dilate the artery and flatten arteriosclerosis to open the artery

170
Q

when is coronary angioplasty done?

A

when blockage doens’t warrant CABG

171
Q

factors of coronary artery disease

A

diet, exercise, age, heredity

172
Q

arteriotomy

A

opening of an artery

173
Q

grafts for CABG

A

saphenous, mammary, radial artery or vein

174
Q

MID CABG

A

heart not stopped, no bypass machine

175
Q

robotic CABG

A

chest isn’t opened, without bypass machine

176
Q

aortic or mitral valve replacement

A

valve removed with pituitary ronguer

177
Q

artifical replacement

A

soaked in antibiotics prior to use

178
Q

porcine replacement

A

rinsed 3 times with saline and saline from last basin is cultured

179
Q

descending aortic aneurysm

A

use bypass to protect lower half of body

180
Q

aortic coarctation

A

occurs in aorta, after the arch

181
Q

what is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

sa nose

182
Q

what happens when the sa node or the av node don’t work?

A

need artifical pacemaker

183
Q

pacemaker insertion

A

continuous ECG monitoring, could cause cardiac dysrhythmias

184
Q

pericardiectomy

A

excsion of adhered pericardium to relieve constriction of compressed heart, caused by TB NO BYPASS

185
Q

is a pericardiectomy a cure?

A

no just palliative measure

186
Q

ventricular remodeling/ventricular aneurysm repair

A

batista, for cardiomyopthy or aneurysm

187
Q

goal of ventricular remodeling/ventricular aneurysm repair

A

improve cardiac function and output, heart transplant is altern.

188
Q

ventricular remodeling/ventricular aneurysm repair suture

A

purse string around dead area

189
Q

transmyocardial revascularization

A

relieve severe angina in pts who arn’t cand. for bypass surgery due to advanced disease *uses laser

190
Q

angiography

A

flow through vessel

191
Q

angioscopy

A

visulalization of inside of artery to assess pathology and function

192
Q

vena cava filter insertion

A

pt with history of emboli in pelvis, catches emboli

193
Q

when is a vena cava filter used?

A

heparin is contraindicated or ineffective

194
Q

where is vena cava filter most often placed?

A

right femoral vein

195
Q

AAA location

A

below the renal arteries

196
Q

endovascular AAA repair

A

endograft introduced through expose femoral artery

197
Q

intermittent claudication

A

pain with exercise of extremity, really serious if it happens at rest

198
Q

embolectomy

A

blood clot post op is most common embolus

199
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

plaque build up, removal with freer and repair of artery

200
Q

AV fistula/shunt

A

joining of artery and vein to dilate vein, kidney failure for dialysis

201
Q

av fistula location

A

radial artery and cephalic vein

202
Q

VAD implantation common veins

A

subclavian and internal jugular

203
Q

venous closure

A

treat venous reflux or venous insufficiency that lead to varicose veins

204
Q

tumescent

A

numb area, protect surrounding tissue

205
Q

what is attached at the end of a webster vessel cannula?

A

syringe and vessel

206
Q

when sweing in a graft, the ___ end is usally attached first and then ____

A

proximal, de aired then distal

207
Q

what will be handed after right angle

A

ties, umbilical tape, vessel loops

208
Q

limb with poor blood flow

A

pale, no pulse, cold

209
Q

used to pull a clot out of an arteriotomy

A

fogary cath

210
Q

AAA tips

A

long instruments, 4-0 prolene

211
Q

used to daignose carotid artery disease

A

angiogram

212
Q

3 common meds on vascular cases

A

hep saline, thrombin, antibiotic irrigation

213
Q

how is heart protected during CPB?

A

cardioplegia

214
Q

how can a rubber catheter tournique be made?

A

placced over each suture

215
Q

how does atherosclerosis form?

A

artery is injured by cholesterol

216
Q

what are complications of MI?

A

rupture, aneurysm

217
Q

cardiac tamponade and tx

A

compression of heart due to collection of blood, pericardial window

218
Q

repeat sternotomy

A

use oscillating saw

219
Q

how is IMA prepared?

A

papervine soaked to prevent vasospams

220
Q

procedure to treat mitral valve?

A

CMC

221
Q

risks for peds surgery?

A

blood loss, monitor irrigation

222
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

doesn’t close after birth, clamp clamp cut tie

223
Q

if cyanosis severe what can be done until full repair?

A

shunt placed

224
Q

where does atherosclerosis involvement tend to begin?

A

aortic bifurcations

225
Q

what is primary indication for a carotid endar.?

A

TIA’s

226
Q

cause of TIA’s

A

small pieces of plaque

227
Q

how is a vein prepared for used?

A

valves striped away

228
Q

types of graft that must be preclotted?

A

dacron

229
Q

what is used to strip valves?

A

cardio valvulotome

230
Q

tx for varicose veins

A

recurrent, external bleeding

231
Q

vessels responsible for exchange of oxygen and metablic waste

A

capillaries

232
Q

part of the artery responsbile for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

tunica media

233
Q

what is only found in veins?

A

valves

234
Q

how far should the ballon go past?

A

1-2cm

235
Q

what are urokinase and streptokinase used for?

A

lysis of emobolus

236
Q

used to sture a graft to an artery tech.

A

running 5-0 or 6-0 non absorbable

237
Q

hemorrhage, ulceration, cellutis complications

A

varicose veins

238
Q

prep for vein stripping

A

toes to groin circum.

239
Q

what is balloon angioplasty performed for?

A

atherosclerotic thicking

240
Q

what is the stent not made of?

A

ceramic

241
Q

double lumened vascular device for admin. of chemo

A

groshong

242
Q

core removed for the carotid artery

A

plaue

243
Q

mortality for ruptured AAA?

A

more than 80 percent

244
Q

diagnostic test for AAA repair

A

aortogram

245
Q

specimen for AAA

A

thrombus and plaque

246
Q

what chamber is responsible for pumping blood into the pulm. artery?

A

rt ventricle

247
Q

where does the coronary arteries originate?

A

ascending aorta

248
Q

what isn’t a component of the bypass machine

A

defibrillator

249
Q

what is freq. used to repair septal defect in peds?

A

dacron patch

250
Q

tiny vessels that nourish the cells of arterial walls

A

vasa vasorum

251
Q

portion of the aorta that descends but is above the diaphragm

A

thoracic

252
Q

portion of aorta that runs between diaphragm and bifurcation of iliac arteries

A

abd

253
Q

arteries that become femoral arteries as they exit the pelvis

A

external iliac

254
Q

artery that serves the head and neck

A

left common carotid

255
Q

number of true ribs

A

7

256
Q

what isn’t found in the mediastinum

A

diaphragm

257
Q

lung reduction surgery is performed to patients with emphysema

A

true

258
Q

lung tissue is friable

A

true

259
Q

the apex of the lung is located superiorly and just above the clavicle

A

true

260
Q

what does the chest trube rely on?

A

water seal to reestablish neg. pressure

261
Q

what are the manubrium, body and xiphoid parts of?

A

sternum

262
Q

saphenous vein for coronary art. graft

A

reversed for anstomsosis

263
Q

the ventricles of the heart has thinner myocaridum than the atria

A

false

264
Q

thymomas, neurogenic tumors and pleuropericardial cysts can be biopsied during what?

A

medistinoscopy

265
Q

does a VAT used CO2?

A

no

266
Q

lifescan for heart valves

A

10-15 years

267
Q

is cardiomyopathy curable?

A

no, tx is heart transplant

268
Q

condition on heart muscle dies from ischemia

A

MI

269
Q

device attached to suction for collection of mucous

A

lukens tube

270
Q

lung decortication is perfomed to release constriction of the lungs by fibrin layers

A

true

271
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed lung

272
Q

a heart murmur is usally heard with ausculation over the mitral valve

A

true

273
Q

used to aspirate secretions and check for leaks

A

bronch

274
Q

glass syringes cause less accum. of bubbles

A

true

275
Q

what is ejection fraction

A

% blood pumped out of the heart

276
Q

heartblock would require a pacemaker

A

true

277
Q

control BP, o2 and co2

A

aortic bodies

278
Q

superior mesenterie artery

A

supplies inferior upper abd organs

279
Q

controls force and rate of contraction heart

A

medulla oblongata

280
Q

epidural with VATS

A

yes

281
Q

50% of occlusive coronary lesions occur in?

A

left anterior descending

282
Q

used for pts awaiting heart transplant

A

VAD

ST (35 decks)

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