[OLD] Respiration - Aerobic Respiration Flashcards
What is respiration?
A chemical reaction that takes place on every cell in the body.
Respiration word equation
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
Respiration chemical equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine TriPhosphate
What are ATP’s constituents?
Three phosphate groups attached to a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous base adenine.
What form do cells need energy to be in in order for them to use it?
ATP
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine DiPhosphate
Give the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP
ATP -> ADP + Pi
How is energy released from ATP?
A hydrolysis reaction breaking down ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate.
What takes the place of the third phosphate group after it has detached from ATP?
An OH pairing from nearby water molecules.
How is ATP regenerated from ADP?
By adding an inorganic phosphate.
What is the role of respiration?
To generate ATP
To release energy from food
What respiratory substrate is usually used in respiration?
Glucose (from food)
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
The mitochondria.
What are the 4 steps of aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is oxidation?
Loss of electrons
Addition of oxygen
Removal of hydrogen
What is reduction?
Gain of electrons
Removal of oxygen
Addition of hydrogen
What other respiratory substrates can be used in aerobic respiration?
Lipids
Proteins
How are lipids respired?
Lipids are hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids.
The glycerol is phosphorylated and converted to triose phosphate (used in glycolysis).
The fatty acid component is broken down into 2-carbon fragments which are converted into acetyl coenzyme A (enters krebs cycle).
How are proteins respired?
Proteins are hydrolysed to their constituent amino acids.
Deamination occurs.
3-carbon compounds are converted to pyruvate (enters link reaction).
4- and 5-carbon compounds are converted to intermediates in the krebs cycle.
What are NAD and FAD?
Coenzymes that carry hydrogen atoms and high energy electrons.
What does NAD stand for?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
What is a coenzyme?
A molecule that some enzymes require in order to function.
Which enzymes does NAD work with in respiration?
Dehydrogenase enzymes.
What do dehydrogenase enzymes do?
Catalyse the removal of hydrogen from substrates.
How can mitochondrial diseases lead to problems? (4 points)
They can affect how proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and the krebs cycle function, reducing ATP production.
This may cause anaerobic respiration to increase to make up for the ATP shortage.
Lots of lactate is produced causing muscle fatigue.
Some lactate will diffuse into the bloodstream, leading to high lactate concentrations in the blood.
How many ATP molecules can be made from one glucose molecule?
32
How many ATP molecules can be made from one NADH?
2.5
How many ATP molecules can be made from one FADH?
1.5
What is NAD synthesised from?
Vitamin B3
