O. Comm. Lesson 1 to 7 Flashcards
Focuses on: nature function process of communication models of communication comm breakdown like barriers and resolving
The act of transferring information from one person, group, object, or place to another.
Communication
The general components that give us a sense of what communication is.
Nature of Communication
Nature of Comm.
1. Communication is a ________.
2. Communication occurs between ____________.
3. Communication can be expressed ____________.
- process
- two or more people
- verbally, nonverbally, or both at the same time
Though communication is generally perceived to happen between two or more people, one can also communicate with _________.
themselves
This means that there are a series of steps that happen almost simultaneously for an effective communication to occur.
Communication is a Process
What are the 9 elements of comm.?
Sender, Message, Encoding, Channel, Receiver, Decoding, Feedback, Context, Barrier
ElementsComm. The speaker or the source of information, thought, or idea.
[Starts the comm. process]
Sender
ElementsComm. The information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker through words or actions.
Message
ElementsComm. Process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands.
[Answers “how” related questions]
Encoding
ElementsComm. The medium or means.
[What was used to send the message?]
Channel
ElementsComm. Recipient of message. The person who will decode the message that he got from the sender.
Receiver
ElementsComm. Process of interpreting the encoded message received from sender.
[What did I understand from message I received?]
Decoding
ElementsComm. The reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver after decoding the message from the sender.
[What was the reply?]
Feedback
ElementsComm. The environment and setting where communication takes place such as location, time, place, mood, etc.
[Affects how messages are construced/perceived]
Context
ElementsComm. Factors that affect the flow of communication. Any problem or obstacle that makes comm. difficult.
Barrier
The primary purpose why people use language.
The Functions of Communication
What are the 5 functions of comm.?
Control, Social Interaction, Motivation, Emotional Expression, Information Dissemination
SICME
MESIC
FunctionsComm. aka Regulation. Aims to guide or control an individual’s behavior.
Control
FunctionsComm. People often tell you what to do. In a form of advice or command. May be expressed implicitly.
Control
FunctionsComm. Allows individuals to interact and socialize with others. Produces relationships, develops intimacy, and bond.
Social Interaction
FunctionsComm. Encourages people to live better and have a more positive outlook. Used to power up preferences, goals, and strenghts.
Motivation
FunctionsComm. Facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions.
Emotional Expression
FunctionsComm. Aims to acquire and/or convey information.
Information Dissemination
A pictorial presentation to show the structure of communication process in which various component elements are linked.
Model
3 main types of various models of communication:
Linear Model
Interactive Model
Transactional Model
LIT
Models. Communication as a ONE-WAY ACTIVITY where info flows from sender to receiver.
- Active Sender & Passive Receiver
- No feedback present
Linear Model
Models. What are some examples of linear model?
- Radio News Report
- Advertisement
- Print Media
- TV
Models. Communication as a TWO-WAY PROCESS. All about give and take.
*Exchange of communication from sender to receiver and vice versa.
* ALLOWS feedback.
Interactive Model
Models. Example of interactive model:
Telephone Convo, Doctor’s interview w/ patient and the like.
Models. Communicators send and receive messages SIMULTANEOUSLY. Collaborative exchange of messages.
- Single discrete comm. act is affected by comm. incidents that come before or after it.
- Barriers (eg. noise) may interfere with the flow of comm.
Transactional Model
Models. Examples of transact model:
- Everyday talk and interaction
- Teacher discussing a lesson
- Teacher’s virtual meeting
What are the 5 types of barriers?
- Language Barriers
- Psychological Barriers
- Physiological Barriers
- Physical Barrier
- Attitudinal Barrier
Barriers. Linguistic ability.
* Terminologies used
* Specialist jargon and abbreviations
additional: accent, tone, intonations, etc.
Language Barriers
Barriers. Concerns the ff.:
* Personal worries or stresses
* Stress management
* Anger
* Low self-esteem
additional: emotional character and mental limitations.
Psychological Barriers
Barriers. May result from receiver’s physical state.
* Reduced hearing
* Poor eye sight
* Ill- health
additional: limitations of human body and mind (eg. memory, attention, etc)
Physiological Barriers
Barriers. Environmental and natural condition.
* Technological problems and noise
* Hot and crowded room
* Thunderstorm and other weather events
additional: any structural obstacles that block mobility
Physical Barriers
Barriers. Behaviors/ perceptions that prevent people from communicating effectively.
* Personal conflicts
* Poor management
* Resistance to change
* Lack of motivation
additional: offensive/condescending expressions.
Attitudinal Barriers
________ states that strategies must be used to start, to maintain a conversation and to avoid communication breakdown.
Cohen (1990)
What are the 7 communicative strategy?
Nomination, Restriction, Turn-taking, Topic Control, Topic Shifting, Repair, Termination
NoRTT RoTT
Strategies. It suggests to open a topic. A speaker carries this out to collaboratively and productively establish a topic.
Nomination
Strategies. Any limitation you may have as a speaker. These instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.
Restriction
Strategies. Gives others the opportunity or chance to talk. This pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor.
Turn-taking
Strategies. How procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversation. To avoid unnecessary interruptions.
Topic Control
Strategies. Involves moving from one topic to another. One part of a conversation ends and where another begins.
Topic Shifting
Strategies. How speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and etc. that they may encounter in a conversation.
Repair
Strategies. Refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a convo. Topic initiator may signal to end discussion as well.
Termination
