General Biology: Cell Modification Flashcards
What are the 3 types of cell modification?
Apical, Lateral, Basal
ModificationType. At the HIGHEST POINT or top of a shape or object.
- Found on the APICAL surface of the cell.
Apical Modification
ApicalModification. aka brush or striated border (Part 1)
(a) __________ cytoplasmic extensions
(b) They arise from the cell’s ______
(c) Increases ___________ allowing faster and more efficient absorption.
(d) Regularly arranged in _________
Villi
a. finger-like
b. surface
c. surface area
d. epithelia
ApicalModification. Elongated, MOTILE structures on the SURFACE of some epithelial cell.
Cilia
ApicalModification. Short HAIR-LIKE projections.
(a) Made up of ______________
(b) Each cilium is connected to a ________ and extends from the (c) __________
(d) Exhibits rapid ____________ movement.
Cilia
a. microtubules
b. basal body
c. free surface
d. back-and-forth
ApicalModification. TAIL-LIKE projections that protrude from cell body of certain prokar and eukar cells.
Flagella
Flagella.
(a) Bundle of ______ pairs of ____________ (b) surrounding ___________ microtubules
(c) Same axial structure with cilia but much _______
(d) Present in the tail of _______________
a. nine; microtubules
b. two central
c. longer
d. spermatozoa
ApicalModification. Long TUBULAR-SHAPED outgrowths from root epidermal cells.
Root Hairs
ApicalModification. Aid in plant nutrient acquisition, anchorage, and microbe interaction.
(a) increase the root’s _________
Root Hairs
a. surface area
ModificationType. of, at, toward, or from the SIDE/S
- Found on the basal surface of the cell.
Lateral Modification
Four types of Apical Modification:
Villi, Cilia, Flagella, Root Hairs
3 types of of cell junction in Lateral Modification:
Tight, Adherens, Gap
TAG
CellJunction. Act as BARRIERS that regulate movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers.
- Prevent leakage of ECF
Tight Junction
TightJunction.
(a) Intercellular _________ complexes in epithelia and endothelia that control paracellular (b) __________
(c) Form the border between _________ and __________ cell surface domains
(d) Establishes and maintains _____________ by restricting distribution of lipids within membrane
a. adhesion
b. permeability
c. apical & basolateral
d. cell polarity
CellJunction. FASTEN cells to one another.
* ANCHORING junction on the LATERAL surface of the cell.
Adherens Junction
AdherensJunction.
(a) Element of ____________ junction.
(b) Has ___________ receptors that bridge the neighboring plasma membranes via their homophilic interactions.
(c) Preserve tissue integrity by linking cells and connection to ________________
(d) A major function of it is to maintain ___________ association between cells.
a. cell-to-cell
b. cadherin
c. actin filaments
d. physical
CellJunction. aka COMMUNICATING junctions
* CLOSABLE channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells
* Presence of (a) ____________ allow direct exchange of chemical between cytoplasm of two cells.
Gap Junction
a. connexon
Gap Junction.
(a) intercellular ________ that allows ions, tiny molecules, and electrical impulses to be exchanged (b) __________ between nearby cells.
a. channels
b. directly
CellModification. Forming or belonging to a BOTTOM layer or base.
- Found in basal surface of the cell
Basal Modification
Two types of basal modification:
Desmosomes
Basal Infoldings
BasalModification. ANCHORING junction on the BASAL surface.
* RIVET-LIKE LINKS between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix components such as the basal lamina that underlie epithelia.
Desmosomes
Desmosomes.
(a) Specialized cell-cell junctions which provide ___________ to mechanically stressed tissues like (b) _______ and __________.
(c) Primarily composed of __________________ [3]
a. mechanical strength
b. skin; heart muscle
c. keratin, integrins, and cadherins
BasalModification. They INCREASE LATERAL SURFACE AREA and functional capacity of that surface.
* Contains (a) _________ to give energy for active transport ions.
Basal Infoldings
a. mitochondria
BasalInfoldings.
(a) Supports the _______ and also functions as a passive molecular sieve or (b) __________.
(c) Dividing the base of the cell into many compartments __________ to each other.
a. epithelium
b. ultafilter
c. parallel
