General Biology: Cell Modification

Question 1

What are the 3 types of cell modification?

Answer 1

Apical, Lateral, Basal

Question 2

ModificationType. At the HIGHEST POINT or top of a shape or object.

• Found on the APICAL surface of the cell.

Answer 2

Apical Modification

Question 3

ApicalModification. aka brush or striated border (Part 1)
(a) __________ cytoplasmic extensions
(b) They arise from the cell’s ______
(c) Increases ___________ allowing faster and more efficient absorption.
(d) Regularly arranged in _________

Answer 3

Villi
a. finger-like
b. surface
c. surface area
d. epithelia

Question 4

ApicalModification. Elongated, MOTILE structures on the SURFACE of some epithelial cell.

Answer 4

Cilia

Question 5

ApicalModification. Short HAIR-LIKE projections.
(a) Made up of ______________
(b) Each cilium is connected to a ________ and extends from the (c) __________
(d) Exhibits rapid ____________ movement.

Answer 5

Cilia
a. microtubules
b. basal body
c. free surface
d. back-and-forth

Question 6

ApicalModification. TAIL-LIKE projections that protrude from cell body of certain prokar and eukar cells.

Answer 6

Flagella

Question 7

Flagella.
(a) Bundle of ______ pairs of ____________ (b) surrounding ___________ microtubules
(c) Same axial structure with cilia but much _______
(d) Present in the tail of _______________

Answer 7

a. nine; microtubules
b. two central
c. longer
d. spermatozoa

Question 8

ApicalModification. Long TUBULAR-SHAPED outgrowths from root epidermal cells.

Answer 8

Root Hairs

Question 9

ApicalModification. Aid in plant nutrient acquisition, anchorage, and microbe interaction.

(a) increase the root’s _________

Answer 9

Root Hairs
a. surface area

Question 10

ModificationType. of, at, toward, or from the SIDE/S

• Found on the basal surface of the cell.

Answer 10

Lateral Modification

Question 11

Four types of Apical Modification:

Answer 11

Villi, Cilia, Flagella, Root Hairs

Question 11

3 types of of cell junction in Lateral Modification:

Answer 11

Tight, Adherens, Gap

TAG

Question 12

CellJunction. Act as BARRIERS that regulate movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers.

• Prevent leakage of ECF

Answer 12

Tight Junction

Question 13

TightJunction.
(a) Intercellular _________ complexes in epithelia and endothelia that control paracellular (b) __________
(c) Form the border between _________ and __________ cell surface domains
(d) Establishes and maintains _____________ by restricting distribution of lipids within membrane

Answer 13

a. adhesion
b. permeability
c. apical & basolateral
d. cell polarity

Question 14

CellJunction. FASTEN cells to one another.
* ANCHORING junction on the LATERAL surface of the cell.

Answer 14

Adherens Junction

Question 15

AdherensJunction.
(a) Element of ____________ junction.
(b) Has ___________ receptors that bridge the neighboring plasma membranes via their homophilic interactions.
(c) Preserve tissue integrity by linking cells and connection to ________________
(d) A major function of it is to maintain ___________ association between cells.

Answer 15

a. cell-to-cell
b. cadherin
c. actin filaments
d. physical

Question 16

CellJunction. aka COMMUNICATING junctions
* CLOSABLE channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells
* Presence of (a) ____________ allow direct exchange of chemical between cytoplasm of two cells.

Answer 16

Gap Junction
a. connexon

Question 17

Gap Junction.
(a) intercellular ________ that allows ions, tiny molecules, and electrical impulses to be exchanged (b) __________ between nearby cells.

Answer 17

a. channels
b. directly

Question 18

CellModification. Forming or belonging to a BOTTOM layer or base.

• Found in basal surface of the cell

Answer 18

Basal Modification

Question 19

Two types of basal modification:

Answer 19

Desmosomes
Basal Infoldings

Question 20

BasalModification. ANCHORING junction on the BASAL surface.
* RIVET-LIKE LINKS between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix components such as the basal lamina that underlie epithelia.

Answer 20

Desmosomes

Question 21

Desmosomes.
(a) Specialized cell-cell junctions which provide ___________ to mechanically stressed tissues like (b) _______ and __________.
(c) Primarily composed of __________________ [3]

Answer 21

a. mechanical strength
b. skin; heart muscle
c. keratin, integrins, and cadherins

Question 22

BasalModification. They INCREASE LATERAL SURFACE AREA and functional capacity of that surface.
* Contains (a) _________ to give energy for active transport ions.

Answer 22

Basal Infoldings
a. mitochondria

Question 23

BasalInfoldings.
(a) Supports the _______ and also functions as a passive molecular sieve or (b) __________.
(c) Dividing the base of the cell into many compartments __________ to each other.

Answer 23

a. epithelium
b. ultafilter
c. parallel

Question 24

Extra.
(a) Tight Junctions: ___________; Prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space.
(b) Desmosomes: __________ junctions that BIND TO ADJACENT CELLS like velcro.
(c) Gap Junctions: Allow for _______________; Allow ions and small molecules to pass through channels formed by (d) _______ protein cylinders.

Answer 24

a. Impermeable
b. Anchoring
c. intercellular communication
d. connexon