Gen. Bio. PPTs: Cell Parts and Functions Flashcards
MajorClassification. Include protists, fungi, plants, and animals
Eukaryotes
What are the 3 basic cell structures of eukaryotic cell?
- Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
CNC
Organelles. SECURITY GATE
* [Selectively permeable boundary] of the Cell
* Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins and short carbohydrate chains
* Regulates what [enters or exits] the cell
Cell Membrane
Organelles. All parts of the cell inside the membrane but outside the nucleus.
- Gel/Jelly-like substance in constant motion.
- Nutrients & Minerals spread through it to all parts of the cell.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm. A thick, aqueous solution of salts surrounding the organelles inside the cell membrane.
Cytosol
Cytoplasm. The constant motion of this gel-like substance is called ___________.
cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis
Organelles. Headquarter / Cell Center
- Control/Transcription center of cell activities
- Made of DNA organized in chromosomes
> Also made up of nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear membrane containing nuclear pores
Nucleus
_____ is the HEREDITARY MATERIAL of the cell
DNA
PartsNucleus. Cell may have 1 to 4 nucleoli
* DISAPPEARS when cell divides
Nucleolus
NUCLEOLUS makes __________ that makes ___________.
Ribosomes; Proteins
PartsNucleus. DOUBLE MEMBRANE surrounding nucleus.
Nuclear Membrane
NuclearMembrane. Contains __________ to regulate movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus.
nuclear pores
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE is connected to the ___________.
rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Nucleus is found majority on _________ cells and considered as the LARGEST organelle.
a. Accounts for around _____ of the cell’s volume. Contains the _____.
Eukaryotic Cells
a. 10%; genome
Nucleus. The process of selectively permeable nuclear envelope SEPARATES the CONTENTS of the nucleus from that of the cytoplasm.
Cell COMPARTMENTalization
Nucleus. Involves FIRST TRANSCRIPTION (DNA transcribed to mRNA).
Gene Expression
Before the pre-mRNA exits the nucleus, it undergoes a process known as ______________ where molecules are added/removed from structure.
post-transcriptional modification
Organelles. Network of HOLLOW MEMBRANE TUBULES
- Connects to [nuclear envelopes & cell membrane]
- Functions in SYNTHESIS & TRANSPORTS of cell products.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
ER. HAS RIBOSOMES on its surface.
* Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT OUT of the cell.
* Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface
- THEN threaded into the INTERIOR of the rough er to be [modified and transported]
Rough ER
Organelles. Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
- “PROTEIN FACTORY” of the cell.
- Join amino acids together by process of [protein synthesis].
Ribosomes
ER. LACKS ribosomes on its surface.
- Attatched to the ENDS of ROUGH ER
- Makes cell products that are used inside the cell.
Smooth ER
Functions of _________.
a. Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
b. Metabolizes carbohydrates
c. Stores and regulates calcium ions (muscle cells)
d. Detoxifies drugs and poisons (Liver)
Smooth ER
Organelles. Stacks of FLATTENED SACS
* Have Receiving side & Shipping Side
* RECEIVE PROTEINS made by ER
* Modify, sort & package ER products for storage OR transport out of cell
* Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi. What do you call the:
a. receiving side
b. shipping side
of the organelle?
a. cis face
b. trans face
Organelles. SUICIDE BAGS
- Contains digestive enzymes.
- BREAK DOWN food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts
- Programmed for CELL DEATH (AUTOLYSIS)
- Lyse (break open) & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts.
Lysosomes
Organelles. Fluid filled sacs for STORAGE.
a. ___________ (amount) in animal cells
b. plant cells have ________ (amount)
c. None of this in ________ cells.
Vacuole
a. small, fewer, or absent
b. numerous or one large CENTRAL VACUOLE
c. bacterial cells
Organelles. POWERHOUSE of the cell
* Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning of glucose)
* Generates biologically available energy (ATP)
* MORE active cell (eg. muscle cells) have MORE of this.
Mitochondrion/Mitochondria
Mitochondria.
a. Surrounded by a _______ membrane.
b. Has its own ______ and _______.
c. Has folded inner membrane called ______.
d. Interior called ______.
a. DOUBLE
b. DNA; ribosomes
c. CRISTAE
d. MATRIX
Organelles. Found only in photosynthetic organisms (PLANT CELLS).
* Use energy from sunlight to make food (glucose)
* Contains OWN DNA and RIBOSOMES
* Enzymes & Pigments for Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts. Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane.
a. (Outer/Inner) membrane is SMOOTH
b. (Outer/Inner) membrane modified into sacs called (c.) _____________.
a. Outer
b. Inner
c. thylakoids
Chloroplasts.
a. Thylakoids in STACKS called _________ & interconnected.
b. Gel-like material surrounding thylakoids.
a. Grana
b. Stroma
Organelles. Found in plants, fungi, and bacteria.
a. Made of _________ in plants
b. Made of _________ in bacteria
c. Made of _______ in Fungi
a. cellulose
b. peptidoglycan
c. chitin
Organelles. Cell membrane LIES ______ (inside/outside) the cell wall in plant cells.
INSIDE
it pushes out against the cell wall to maintain shape
What are the 3 nonmembrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles?
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrosome
RCC
NonMB Cytoplasmic Organelles. Can be attached to ROUGH ER - used either inside or outside the cell.
* MAY BE UNATTACHED in the cytoplasm - proteins are produced which are used within cell itself
* Varies depending on cell type
RIBOSOMES
NonMB Cytoplasmic Organelles. Helps cell MAINTAIN SHAPE
* Helps move organelles around
* Made of proteins
* Microfilaments and Microtubules
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton.
a. threadlike & made of ACTIN
b. tubelike & made of TUBULIN
a. Microfilaments
b. Microtubules
NonMB Cytoplasmic Organelles. Helps cell DIVIDE and MAKE COPIES of themselves.
- Each cell has a pair of centrioles in the centrosome.
- All centrioles have MICROTUBULES.
Centrosomes and Centrioles
Organelles. The _________ is considered a “microtubule-organizing center”. It contains a pair of _____________.
a. centrosome
b. centrioles
Vesicles. MBound containing OXIDATIVE enzyme that produce hydrogen PEROXIDE and convert it to water.
For lipid metabolism, and conversion of fatty acid to sugar
Peroxisomes
Vesicles. Single Mbound that synthesizes and stores lipids, also produces cutin and wax.
Spherosome
Synthesizes nd Stores = Spherosomes
Vesicles. SPECIALIZED PEROXISOMES
Present in postgerminative seedlings of oil seeds and senescent organs of plants that engage in activities that produce and destroy the toxic substance hydrogen peroxide They produce many different types of enzymes and digest things from food particles to a cell’s own worn out parts.
Glyoxysome
Vesicles. Specific structure forms in plant cells DURING CYTOKINESIS.
- Structure that builds cell wall (cell plate) between daughter cells.
Phragmoplast
Vesicles. Narrow channels that act as intercellular cytoPLASMIC bridges to facilitate intercellular communication and transport of materials between plant cells.
Plasmodesmata
