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Anatomy > Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Neural Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Nervous system characteristics

A
  • System that coordinates all body systems
  • Accomplished by the transmission of signals
  • Body part —> central nervous system
  • Central Nervous system –> body system
  • Electrochemical signaling
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1
Q

What are the 2 communication systems?

A
  1. Nervous system

2. Endocrine System

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2
Q

Endocrine system characteristics

A
  • Slower scaled system

- Uses chemicals in the blood stream called hormones

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3
Q

General make up of the nervous system (5)

A
  1. Organs
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Blood Vessels
  4. Neurons
  5. Neuroglia
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4
Q

2 groups or divisions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q

The brain and the spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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6
Q

The cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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7
Q

Components of the Central Nervous System (5)

A
  1. Brain and Spinal Cord
  2. Covers by meninges
  3. Starts as a hollow tube
  4. Bathed in cerebrospinal fluid
  5. Integration center
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8
Q

Components of the Peripheral Nervous System (3)

A
  1. Consists of all cranial and spinal nerves that contain sensory and motor fibers
  2. Connects CNS to muscles, glands, and all sensory receptors
  3. Brings information to and from CNS
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9
Q

2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  1. Afferent Division = sensory

2. Efferent Division = motor

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10
Q

2 divisions of the Efferent Division

A
  1. Somatic Division

2. Autonomic Division

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11
Q

General function of the Nervous System (5)

A
  1. Receptors- detect stimuli
  2. Sensory- afferent PNS
  3. Integrative- CNS
  4. Motor- Efferent PNS
  5. Effector- Muscle/gland
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12
Q

2 types of Nervous Tissue

A
  1. Neurons

2. Neuroglial Cells

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13
Q
  • Structural and functional units
  • Excitable
  • Amitotic
A

Neurons

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14
Q
  • Accessory nerve cells

- Act like connective tissue

A

Neuroglial Cells

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15
Q

3 Parts of a Neuron

A
  1. Soma
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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16
Q

What is the Soma

A
  • Cell body

- Mononucleate

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18
Q

The soma consists of… (4)

A
  1. Nissl Bodies - ribosomes clusters, give gray color
  2. Axon Hillock- connects soma to axon
  3. Perikaryon- Region around the nucleus
  4. Neurofibrils- Cytoskeleton that extend into dendrites/axons and gives it its shape
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19
Q

Dendrite characteristics (4)

A
  1. Respond to neurotransmitters
  2. Short, branched, unmylelinated
  3. Specialized for contact with other neurons
  4. Conducts impulses toward the cell body
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20
Q

Axon characteristics (4)

A
  1. only 1 per cell
  2. Conducts nerve impulses AWAY from the soma
  3. Can give off collaterals
  4. Many wrapped in myelin sheath, glial cells wrapped around the axon
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21
Q

Where do axons end?

A

In synaptic terminals

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22
Q

What do axons produce?

A

Neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters may contact these 3 things…

A
  1. Another neuron
  2. Muscle fibers
  3. Glands
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24
Q

The movement of cellular materials (NOT SIGNALS) through the axon

A

Axonal Transport

AKA Axoplasmic flow

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25
Q

Away from soma, neurotrasmitters, organelles, and nutrients

A

Anterograde

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26
Q

Towards soma, degraded materials to be recycled and extracellular substances

A

Retrograde

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27
Q

-Cytoplasm of the axon

A

Axoplasma

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28
Q

What does the axoplasma consist of? (2)

A
  • Few organelles

- Cytoskeletal proteins

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29
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeletal proteins? (3)

A
  1. Form cytoskeleton
  2. Maintain shape
  3. Generate axonal transport
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30
Q

-Plasma membrane of axon

A

Axolemma

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31
Q

What does the axolemma consist of? (4)

A
  1. Collaterals
  2. Telodendria
  3. Synaptic terminal
  4. Synaptic Vesicles
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32
Q

Side branches of axolemma

A

Collaterals

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33
Q

Terminal Extensions of axolemma

A

Telodendria

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34
Q

Part of axolemma that contains synaptic vesicles where neuron contacts postsynaptic cell

A

Synaptic Terminal

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35
Q

Structural classification of neurons (4)

A
  1. Anaxonic
  2. Bipolar
  3. Unipolar
  4. Multipolar
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36
Q
  • Small neurons
  • Axons can not be distinguished from dendrites
  • In CNS- especially interneurons that coordinate special senses
A

Anaxonic

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37
Q
  • Several small dentrites converge onto one
  • Dendrite and axon separated by soma
  • Unmyelinated
  • Sensory neurons of special sensory organs
A

Bipolar

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38
Q
  • Several small dendrites converge into one large one
  • Dendrite and axon continuous
  • Usually myelinated
  • Majority of sensory neurons in PNS
A

Unipolar

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39
Q
  • Many dendrites extend from soma
  • Long axon
  • Myelinated
  • Majority of motor neurons in PNS
  • Spinal interneurons in CNS
A

Multipolar

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40
Q

Characteristics of Afferent Neurons (4)

A
  • Have sensory function
  • Cell body usually are outside CNS
  • Have receptor ends on dendrites or are associated with receptor cells in sense organs
  • Carry impulses from peripheral body parts –> brain or spinal cord
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41
Q

Receptors in Afferent neurons… (3)

A
  1. Exteroceptors
  2. Proprioceptors
  3. Interoceptors
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42
Q

Receptor that does…

  • touch
  • temperature
  • pressure
  • light
  • chemicals
A

Exteroceptors

43
Q

Receptor that…

-monitors muscle and skeletal position

A

Proprioceptos

44
Q

Receptor that…

-monitor internal systems (digestion, respiration, and urinary system)

A

Interoceptors

45
Q

Neurons that…

  • Only in CNS
  • Classified based on effects (excitatory, inhibitory)
  • Most abundant
  • Link 2 or more neurons
A

Interneurons

46
Q

Neurons that…

  • Have motor function
  • Cell body is usually inside CNS
  • Carries impulses from the brain or spinal cord to peripheral body parts
A

Efferent Neurons

47
Q

The 2 divisions of efferent neurons…

A
  1. Somatic

2. Autonomic/Visceral

48
Q

Type of efferent neurons that controls skeletal muscle

A

Somatic Neurons

49
Q

Type of efferent neurons that are in smooth muscle and glands

A

Autonomic/Visceral

50
Q

Neuroglial Cells in PNS (2)

A
  1. Satellite Cells

2. Schwann Cells

51
Q

Neuroglial Cells in CNS (4)

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Ependymal Cells
  4. Microglia
52
Q

CNS Neuroglial Cell that…

  • Largest and most common
  • Star shaped
A

Astrocytes

53
Q

Functions of Astrocytes (5)

A
  1. Structure and repair
  2. Metabolism
  3. Regulate ions and nutrients
  4. Guide nutrients to targets
  5. From blood brain barrier
54
Q

CNS Neuroglial Cell that…

-Like astrocytes but smaller

A

Oligodendrocytes

55
Q

Functions of Oligodendrocytes (2)

A
  1. Form myelin in CNS

- Sequester debris

56
Q

CNS Neuroglial Cell that…

  • Smallest and least common
  • Derived from myeloid cells
A

Microglia

57
Q

Functions of Mircoglia (3)

A
  1. Help support neurons
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Increase in number during injury or disease
58
Q

CNS Neuroglial Cell that…

  • Columnar/cuboidal
  • Microvilli on luminal surface
  • Joined by gap junctions
A

Ependymal

59
Q

Functions of Ependymal (3)

A
  1. Help produce cerebrospinal fluid
  2. Form porous layer
  3. Monitor CSF composition
60
Q

PNS Neuroglial Cell that…

  • Associated with soma
  • Assist with exchange of nutrients
  • Isolates neuron from extraneous stimuli
A

Satellite

61
Q

PNS Neuroglial Cell that…

  • Produce myelin in PNS
  • Encloses axons of longer peripheral nerves
A

Schwann Cells

62
Q

Functions of Schwann cells… (3)

A
  1. Support neurons
  2. Prevent contact
  3. Myelinate large PNS axons
63
Q

Characteristics of unmyelinated axons… (3)

A
  1. Appear gray
  2. Many axons associate with a single schwann cell
  3. CNS- no glial cells
64
Q

Characteristics of Myelinated Axons… (3)

A
  1. Appear white
  2. CNS- Oligodendrocytes myelinate part of several axons
  3. PNS- Schwann cell myelinates part of one axon
65
Q

Myelin Structure (3)

A
  1. Myelin
  2. Neurilemma
  3. Nodes of Ranvier
66
Q

Part of myelin structure that…

-Plasma membrane of Schwann cell wrapped around an axon

A

Myelin

67
Q

Part of myelin structure that…

-Part of the Schwann cell that contains the cytoplasm

A

Neurilemma

68
Q

Part of myelin structure that…

-Gaps in myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

69
Q

Process that starts at week 14 and completed by age 2 or 3 years

A

Myelination process

70
Q

Myelin Functions (2)

A
  1. Isolate Axons

2. Increase rate of action potential

71
Q

Regeneration of Nerve fibers in PNS

A
  • Can regenerate a fraction of the axons
  • Schwann cells participate in process
  • Called Wallerian degeneration
72
Q

Process of Nerve Fiber Regeneration (9)

A
  1. Injury separates axon from the cell body (distal portion of the axon will deteriorate along with myelin sheath
  2. Macrophages clean up
  3. Some Schwann cells remain and reproduce
  4. Get thin basement membrane & layer of CT around Schwann cells
  5. Forms hollow tube leading to original connection of axon
  6. Proximal end sprouts
  7. Sprout may grow into tube
  8. Remaining Schwann cells produce new myelin around growing axon
  9. New axon grows 3-4 mm/day
73
Q

Characteristics of repair in CNS (5)

A
  1. More limited
  2. Degeneration occurs after injury
  3. Oligodendrocytes do not proliferate
  4. Proximal end sprouts but has no tube that follows
  5. Astrocytes produce scar tissue and chemicals blocking regrowth
74
Q

4 Factors of Nerve Impulse

A
  1. Irritability
  2. Excitability
  3. Action Potential
  4. Nerve Impulse
75
Q

Ability to respond to stimuli

A

Irritability

76
Q

Ability to transmit an impulse

A

Excitability

77
Q

An electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrane

A

Action potential

78
Q

Action potential moving down an axon

A

Nerve Impulse

79
Q

Impulse travels faster when… (2)

A
  1. Axon is myelinated

2. Has a larger diameter

80
Q

Functions of synapse

A

Control and transmission point

81
Q

Synapse is the site of communication between… (4)

A
  1. Sensory structure and neuron
  2. Neuron & effector
  3. 2 neurons
  4. Any 2 cells with gap junctions
82
Q

2 types of Synapses

A
  1. Electrical

2. Chemical

83
Q

Characteristics of Electrical Synapse

A
  • Gap functions cause the exchange of charged ions between 2 cells
84
Q

Example of Electrical Synapse

A

Intercalated disks in cardiac muscle

85
Q

Characteristics of Chemical Synapse

A

-Chemicals are released by one cell and travel to another

86
Q

Examples of Chemical Synapses (2)

A
  1. Neuromuscular Junction

2. Neuron-neuron contact

87
Q

How chemical synapses work

A
  1. Synaptic vesicles house neurotransmitter
  2. Only exist in the presynaptic cell
  3. Release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
  4. Receptors on post-synaptic membrane register the neurotransmitter
  5. Proliferates AP from one cell to the next
  6. Communication in one direction only
88
Q
  • Receive impulses from afferent fibers (input)
  • Impulses carried away on efferent neurons (output)
  • Afferent fibers can branch many times as they enter a pool
A

Neuronal Pool

89
Q

Types of Neuronal Pools (5)

A
  1. Convergence
  2. Divergence
  3. Serial Processing
  4. Parallel Processing
  5. Reverberation
90
Q

Type of Neuronal Pool that…

-One neuron to another in a series

A

Serial Processing

91
Q

Type of Neuronal Pool that…

  • When impulse leaves a pool it may spread out into several output fibers
  • Allows impulse to be amplified
A

Divergence

92
Q

Type of Neuronal Pool that…

  • Single nerve in pool may receive impulses from 2 or more incoming fibers
  • if lead to the same nerve, they are said to converge
  • Allows summation o impulses from different sources
A

Convergence

93
Q

Type of Neuronal Pool that…

-Processing information from several neurons at once

A

Parallel Processing

94
Q

Type of Neuronal Pool that…

-Positive feedback continues activity of circuit

A

Reverberation

95
Q
  • Process in which one neuron may receive either excitatory & inhibitory stimuli from multiple neurons
  • The net effect of all this input results in a net charge and if this charge is positive enough it will result in an AP
A

Facilitation

96
Q

The point where an action potential can be produced is…

A

Threshold

97
Q
  • If a neuron is excited but still below threshold
  • No impulse but the nerve is more excitable to next impulse
  • This nerve is said to be….
A

Facilitated

98
Q

Central Nervous System Structures… (3)

A
  1. Nuclei
  2. Center
  3. Tracts
99
Q

Collection of neuron cell bodies

A

Nuclei

100
Q

Collection of neuron cell bodies working together

A

Center

101
Q

Bundles of axons

A

Tracts

102
Q

Peripheral Nervous System structures

A
  1. Ganglia

2. Nerves

103
Q

Collection of cell bodies (PNS)

A

Ganglia

104
Q

Bundles of axons (PNS)

A

Nerves

Anatomy (24 decks)

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