Integumentary System (KT) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 components of the integumentary system?
A
- Cutaneous Membrane
2. Accessory Structures
2
Q
What is included in the cutaneous membrane? (2)
A
- Epidermis
2. Dermis
3
Q
What is included in the Accessory Structures? (3)
A
- Hair
- Nails
- Glands
4
Q
Functions of the Integumentary System? (4)
A
- Protection
- Heat regulation
- Excretion of urea and uric acid
- Synthesizes Vitamin D
5
Q
What does the integumentary system protect the body from? (6)
A
- Mechanical Damage
- Chemical Damage
- Bacterial Damage
- Thermal Damage
- UV radiation
- Desiccation
6
Q
Characteristics of the epidermis (4)
A
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Lacks blood vessels but can divide
- As new cells grow, the older cells get pushed to the surface
- Outer most layers are dead
7
Q
The 4 cell types of the Epidermis
A
- Keratinocytes (90%)
- Melanocytes (8%)
- Langerhan Cells
- Merkel Cells
8
Q
Characteristics of…
Keratinocytes
A
- produce keratin
- provide protection
9
Q
Characteristics of…
Melanocytes
A
- produce melanin pigments which protects against UV radiation
- melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes
10
Q
Characteristics of…
Langerhan Cells
A
- from bone marrow
- part of an immune response
11
Q
Stem cells divide to produce __________ at the basal lamina
A
Keratinocytes
12
Q
As keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface…
A
- They will fill with keratin and oils
- They slowly die
- Its a 4 week journey unless the outer layers are removed by abrasion
13
Q
Layers of the Epidermis (5)
A
- Stratum Germinativum
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Corneum
14
Q
Characteristics of Stratum Germativum (2)
A
- Deepest single layer of cells
2. Combination of merkel cells, melanocytes, kerytinocytes and stem cells that divide repeatedly
15
Q
How are cells attached in the Stratum Germativum layer?
A
Cells attached to each other and to the basal lamina by desmosomes & hemidesmosomes
16
Q
Characteristics of the Stratum Spinosum (3)
A
- 8-10 cell layers held together by desmosomes
- Melanin taken in by the phagocytosis from near by melanocytes
- During slide preparation cells shrink and look spiny
17
Q
Characteristics of Stratum Granulosum (3)
A
- 3 to 5 layers of flat dying cells
- Show nuclear degeneration
- Contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules
18
Q
What are keratohyalin granules?
A
They release lipids that repel water
19
Q
Characteristics of Stratum Lucidum (2)
A
- Seen in think skin on palms and soles of feet ONLY
2. 3 to 5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells
20
Q
Characteristics of Stratum Corneum (4)
A
- 25 to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
- Continuously shed
- Barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals and bacteria
- Friction stimulates callus formation
21
Q
2 types of Skin Thickness
A
- Thick Skin
2. Thin Skin
22
Q
Think Skin
A
- Palmar and Planter surface
- About 30 layers of Stratum Corneum
- All 5 layers
23
Q
Thin Skin
A
- Rest of body surfaces
- Fewer layers of Stratum Corneum
- No Stratum Lucidum
24
Q
- Stratum germativum forms ridges that extend into the dermis
- Increases area of contact for better grip
A
Epidermal Ridges
25
-Produced in the epidermis by melanocytes
Melanin
26
Facts about Melanocytes
- Same number of melanocytes in everyone but different amounts of pigment produced
- UV in sunlight increases melanin production
27
Melanin production is in response to...
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
28
Melanocytes convert _________ to melanin?
Tyrosine
29
True/ False: There are several different types of melanin.
True
30
Typical brown or black melanin
Eumelanin
31
Red brown version of melanin
Pheomelanin
32
Freckles or liver spots...
Melanocytes in a patch
33
Benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes
Nevus or mole
34
Inherited lack of tyrosine; no pigment
Albinism
35
- Yellow orange pigment (precursor of Vitamin A)
| - Found in stratum Corneum & Subcutaneous
Carotine
36
- Red, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells
| - if other pigments are not present, epidermis is translucent and pinkness will be evident
Homoglobin
37
What are the 2 layers the dermis is composed of?
- Papillary Layer
| - Reticular Layer
38
What does the Papilary Layer of the Dermis consist of?
- Areolar Connective Tissue
- Capillaries and Neurons
- Dermal Papillae
39
What does the Reticular Layer of the Dermis consist of?
- Anchoring layer
- Large vessels, nerves, adiposcytes, arrector pili muscle
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Collagen-strength
- Elastic-strength, flexibility
40
These provide blood supply to the skin... (2)
- Cutaneous Plexus
| - Papillary Plexus
41
- Network of arteries & veins supplying the skin
| - In the subcutaneous layer
Cutaneous Plexus
42
- Follows the epidermal and dermal boundary
| - Helps nourish the epidermal layer
Papillary Plexus
43
The stretching of fibers, loss of their elasticity, breaking of fibers
Stretch marks
44
Stretch marks form due to...
- Decrease in fiber elasticity
| - Tearing of fibers
45
Also called the superficial fascia or the subcutaneous layer...
Hypodermis
46
What does the hypodermis consist of...?
- Areolar Connective Tissue
- Adipose connective tissue (insulator)
- Collagen and Elastic fibers
- No distinct boundary with dermis
- Major blood vessels & nerves
- Stabilizes skin
47
Hair (an accessory structure) is on most surfaces except... (4)
1. Plantar and Palmer Surfaces
2. Parts of digits
3. Lips
4. Eyelids (except eye lashes)
48
True/False: Hair number is fixed at birth?
True
49
What are the types of hair... (3)
1. Vellus (peach fuzz)
2. Terminal (thicker with darker pigment)
3. Intermediate (arms)
* Hair is based on body location, age, and gender
50
The 3 basic parts of hair...
1. Shaft- mostly projects above the surface of the skin
2. Root- Penetrates into the dermis
3. Bulb- is the base of the follicle
51
Each hair consists of... (3)
1. Cuticle (outer most)
2. Cortex (middle)
3. Medulla (inner most)
52
What is hair composed of?
Dead keratinized epidermal cells
53
What does a hair follicle consist of?
(hair follicles surround the root)
| -Has many sheaths and layers
54
Functions of hair... (3)
1. Protection
2. Reduction of heat loss
3. Sensing light touch
55
Part of hair that...
- Sensory nerves surrounding follide
- Detect hair movement
Root hair Plexus
56
Part of hair that...
- is made up of smooth muscle
- Moves hair
- Causes "goose bumps"
Arrector Pili
57
Stages of hair growth... (3)
1. Anagen Stage
2. Catagen Stage
3. Telogen Stage
58
- Lasts from 2 to 6 years depending on the boy part
| - matrix cells at base of hair root producing length
Anagen Stage
59
- Lasts up to 2 weeks
| - Matrix cells inactive and follide atrophies
Catagen Stage
60
- Hair follicle remains dormant
| - Hair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews
Telogen Stage
61
This is the result of melanin produced in melanocytes in hair bulb
Hair color
62
Brown black/brown hair contains large amounts of...
Eumelanin
63
Blond hair results from...
Little eumelanin
64
Red hair has a high relative amount of...
Pheomelanin
65
Gray hair is the result of...
decline in all melanin production
66
Specialized exocrine glands found in the dermis... (4)
1. Sebaceous Glands
2. Sudoriferous Glands
3. Ceruminous Glands
4. Mammary Glands
67
- Secrete sebum (oil) by HOLOCRINE secretion
| - Sebum decreases evaporation and decreases bacterial growth
Sebaceous Glands
68
2 Types of Sebaceous Glands
1. With hair- sebum released into follicle
| 2. Not with hair- Sebum secreted onto epidermis
69
- Sweat glands
- Coiled tubular gland
- Sweat released by MEROCRINE secretion
- Under neutral control
Sudoriferous Glands
70
Types of Sudoriferous Glands (2)
1. Apocrine
| 2. Eccrine
71
- On most body surfaces
- Greatest on palm
- Not associated with hair follicle
- Watery secretion called sensible perspiration
Eccrine Sweat Glands
72
Sensible perspiration is made up of... (3)
1. water
2. NaCl
3. Urea
73
Function of Eccrine Glands... (3)
1. Cooling
2. Excretion
3. Protection
74
- Associated with hair follicle
- Located in axillae & groin
- Produces viscous secretion starting at puberty
Apocrine Sweat
75
Functions of Apocrine Sweat Glands
- Reducing Friction
- Cooling
- Secrete pheromones
76
Modified Apocrine Sweat Glands... (2)
- Mammary (lactiferous) for milk production
| - Ceruminous - in external ear, its secretion mixes with sebum to create ear wax
77
Parts of Nails... (4)
1. Nail Body
2. Nail Bed
3. Nail root
4. Lunula
78
Keratinized plate like structure
Nail body
79
Surface of the skin that covers the nail body
Nail bed
80
Source of nail production
Nail Root
81
Whitish, half-moon region at the base of the nail plate
Lunula
82
Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals
Burns
83
Associated dangers of burns... (3)
1. Dehydration
2. Electrolyte imbalance
3. Circulatory Shock
84
Characteristics of First Degree Burns
- skin red and swollen
| - only epidermis damaged
85
Characteristics of Second Degree Burns
- skin red with blisters
| - epidermis and upper dermis damaged
86
Characteristics of Third Degree Burns
- Gray, whitish, or black
| - Destroys entire layer
87
Burns are critical when...
- Over 25% of body has second degree
| - Over 10% of body has third degree
88
Effects of Aging... (5)
1. Less hair
2. Reduced blood supply
3. Dermis tends to be thin
4. Drying of epidermis
5. Fewer melanocytes
