Chapter 23 - Lympatic System

Question 1

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes.
Maintain normal blood and interstitial fluid volume.
Alternate route for the transport of materials.

Question 2

What materials does the lymphatic system transport?

Answer 2

Nutrients, hormones, waste.

Question 3

What do lymphatic vessels do?

Answer 3

Transport fluid called lymph from tissues to the venous system.

Question 4

Do lymphatic vessels have varied size?

Answer 4

CLARO QUE SI

Question 5

What are the different sizes of vessels?

Answer 5

Small lymphatic capillaries, medium lymphatic vessels, large lymphatic trunks, and lymphatic ducts.

Question 6

What are lymphatic vessels usually found associated with?

Answer 6

Blood vessels.

Question 7

Where are lymphatic vessels located?

Answer 7

Most tissues.

Question 8

Where are lymphatic vessels absent?

Answer 8

Avascular tissue and CNS.

Question 9

What is lymph?

Answer 9

A fluid CT.

Question 10

Where does lymph occur?

Answer 10

ONLY in lymphatic vessels.

Question 11

What is lymph derived from?

Answer 11

Interstitial fluid of the tissues, lymphocytes, and macrophages.

Question 12

Where does lymph orginate?

Answer 12

From plasma.

Question 13

How is interstitial fluid formed?

Answer 13

Water & dissolved materials leak out of capillaries due to diffusion & filtration.

Question 14

How many L/day enter interstitial spaces?

Answer 14

27L/day.

Question 15

Interstitial fluid characteristics?

Answer 15

Lacks proteins and lower O2.

Question 16

What is interstitial fluid called when it enters the lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 16

Lymph.

Question 17

What percent of interstitial fluid is absorbed?

Answer 17

90%.

Question 18

Lymphatic capillaries characteristics?

Answer 18

1. Closed ended tubes.
2. In interstitial spaces.
3. Form networks.
4. Single layer of squamous cells with incomplete basal lamina. 5. Fenestrated

Question 19

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

Answer 19

Larger diameter, thinner walls, flat & irregular, have anchoring filaments to keep the passage open, and overlapping endothelial cells.

Question 20

How does interstitial fluid enter lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 20

Overlapping cells function as one way valves, moves through fenestrations, and large things such as viruses and debris follow.

Question 21

How are medium lymphatic vessels formed?

Answer 21

Merging of lymph capillaries.

Question 22

How are medium lymphatic vessels similar to veins?

Answer 22

Have interna, media, adventitia, and valves.

Question 23

What do medium lymphatic vessels form?

Answer 23

Lymphatic trunks.

Question 24

What do medium lymphatic vessels travel with?

Answer 24

Arteries of the same size.

Question 25

How are lymphatic trunks named?

Answer 25

By the region they drain.

Question 26

Examples of lymphatic trunks?

Answer 26

Lumbar, Intestinal (NOT interstitial), Broncomediastinal, subclavian, jugular.

Question 27

Where do lymphatic trunks drain?

Answer 27

Into ducts.

Question 28

What are the lymphatic ducts?

Answer 28

Thoracic, and right lymphatic.

Question 29

Where do lymphatic ducts deliver lymph?

Answer 29

Venous circulation at subclavians.

Question 30

What happens when lymph is delivered to venous circulation?

Answer 30

Reintroduced to bloodstream and becomes part of plasma and is circulated.

Question 31

What does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 31

Lower body, left arm, head, and neck.

Question 32

What route does the thoracic duct take?

Answer 32

Arises from cisterna chyli, through diaphragm, ascends in front of vertebral column, and empties into left subclavian vein.

Question 33

What does the lymphatic duct drain?

Answer 33

Right side of head, neck, and right arm.

Question 34

What route does the right lymphatic duct take?

Answer 34

Starts in right thorax to right subclavian vein.

Question 35

Do the ducts drain evenly?

Answer 35

NOT AT ALL BEBE.

Question 36

Where are valves located in lymphatic vessels?

Answer 36

At bulges.

Question 37

What do valves prevent?

Answer 37

Backflow.

Question 38

Is pressure lower in lymphatics than in veins?

Answer 38

SI.

Question 39

How is lymph moved?

Answer 39

Skeletal muscles and breathing.

Question 40

If drainage does not occur what happens?

Answer 40

Lymphedema.

Question 41

What are the primary cells of the lymphoid system.

Answer 41

Lymphocytes.

Question 42

What do lymphocytes allow for?

Answer 42

Specific (or adaptive) immunity.

Question 43

What are the types of lymphocytes?

Answer 43

NK, B, & T cells.

Question 44

Where are NK cells derived from?

Answer 44

Directly from bone marrow.

Question 45

Are NK cells specific or non specific immunity?

Answer 45

NON specific.

Question 46

What do NK cells do?

Answer 46

Detect chemical signals other than specific antigens and induce apoptosis.

Question 47

Where do B cells originate and develop?

Answer 47

In bone marrow.

Question 48

B cells characteristics?

Answer 48

Stimulated by an antigen to produce antibodies, can survive for years as memory cells, and become active once exposed to a similar antigen.

Question 49

Where do T cells originate and develop?

Answer 49

Originate in bone marrow and develop in thymus.

Question 50

What do T cells attack?

Answer 50

Cells with antigens indicating viral infection or detrimental mutations (cancer)

Question 51

Do T cells have memory cells?

Answer 51

Yes, they are similar to B cells.

Question 52

What do T cells induce?

Answer 52

Apoptosis.

Question 53

What are lymphoid nodules?

Answer 53

Reticular CT dominated by lymphocytes.

Question 54

Are lymphoid nodules organs?

Answer 54

NOOOOOOOOOOOO!!

Question 55

What does MALT stand for?

Answer 55

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.

Question 56

What are MALTs?

Answer 56

Digestive lymph nodules.

Question 57

What are the MALTs of the body?

Answer 57

Tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules, and appendix.

Question 58

Where are tonsils positioned?

Answer 58

Around the pharanx.

Question 59

What do tonsils do?

Answer 59

Remove pathogens that enter via air or food.

Question 60

What are the 3 types of tonsils?

Answer 60

Pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual.

Question 61

Pharyngeal tonsil location and number?

Answer 61

One nodule in nasopharynx.

Question 62

What is another name for the pharyngeal tonsil?

Answer 62

Adenoids.

Question 63

Palatine tonsils location and number?

Answer 63

On the soft palate and two nodules.

Question 64

Lingual tonsils location and number?

Answer 64

At base of the tongue and two nodules.

Question 65

aggregated lymphoid nodules location?

Answer 65

Line mucosa of the small intestine.

Question 66

Appendix location?

Answer 66

Blind tube at beginning of large intestine.

Question 67

What is infection of the appendix and its cause?

Answer 67

Appendicitis. Is caused by intestinal flora enter underlying tissues.

Question 68

What are the lymphatic organs?

Answer 68

Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.

Question 69

What are lymphatic organs surrounded by?

Answer 69

A fibrous CT capsule.

Question 70

What is the shape of lymph nodes?

Answer 70

Bean.

Question 71

What are lymph nodes between?

Answer 71

Severa afferent and one efferent vessel.

Question 72

What is a hilus?

Answer 72

Indented region where BVs, nerves, and efferent lymph vessels connect.

Question 73

Lymph node structures?

Answer 73

Cortex and medulla.

Question 74

Cortex characteristics?

Answer 74

Capsule has trabeculae that subdivide it.

Question 75

What are the 2 regions of the cortex?

Answer 75

Outer and inner cortex.

Question 76

What does the outer cortex consist of?

Answer 76

Aggregated B celss.

Question 77

What happens at the inner cortex?

Answer 77

T cells enter blood here.

Question 78

What happens at the medulla?

Answer 78

B cells leave through the efferent vessel.

Question 79

What are the locations of lymph nodes?

Answer 79

Cervical, axillary, inguinal, pelvic, abdominal, and thoracic.

Question 80

Spleen location?

Answer 80

Found on the left side of stomach.

Question 81

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

Answer 81

SPLEEN.

Question 82

What are the 2 compponents of the spleen?

Answer 82

White pulp and red pulp.

Question 83

White pulp characteristics?

Answer 83

Resembles lymph node.

Question 84

Red pulp characteristics?

Answer 84

Large amounts of RBC.

Question 85

What is in red pulp?

Answer 85

Sinuses, macrophages, T & B cells.

Question 86

What are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 86

Remove old RBCs, store/ recycle iron, initiate immune response, blood reservoir, and RBC production in fetus.

Question 87

Where is the thymus located?

Answer 87

In the mediastinum.

Question 88

What is the first lymph organ to develop?

Answer 88

The thymus.

Question 89

Thymus characteristics?

Answer 89

Grows until puberty, shrinks with age, and replaced by fibrous & adipose tissue.

Question 90

How many lobes are in the thymus?

Answer 90

2.

Question 91

What are the lobules of the thymus?

Answer 91

Cortex and medulla.

Question 92

Cortex characteristics?

Answer 92

Mostly immature T cells.

Question 93

Medulla characteristics?

Answer 93

Mostly reticular epithelial cells.

Question 94

T cells in the thymus?

Answer 94

Cortex produces T cells, mature and migrate into medulla, and enter BVs & go into circulation.

Question 95

What do reticular cells in the thymus do?

Answer 95

Produce thymosin and promote T cell differentiation.