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Anatomy > Chapter 4 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 components of the integumentary system?

A

Cutaneous membrane and Accessory structures.

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2
Q

What are the components of the cutaneous membrane?

A

Epidermis and dermis.

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3
Q

What are the components of accessory structures?

A

Hair, nails, and glands.

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4
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Protects deeper tissues.
  2. Aids in heat regulation.
  3. Aids in excretion or urea & uric acid.
  4. Synthesizes vitamin D.
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5
Q

The integumentary system protects the deeper tissues from?

A

Mechanical damage, chemical damage, bacterial damage, thermal damage, uv radiation, and desiccation.

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6
Q

Epidermis characteristics?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, lack of blood vessels, can divide, outer most layers are dead.

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7
Q

Epidermal cells?

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan, and merkel.

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8
Q

Layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

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9
Q

Stratum germinativum?

A

deepest layer of cells, cells that divide repeatedly.

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10
Q

Stratum spinosum?

A

8 to 10 cell layers (living) melanin taken in by phagocytosis from nearby melanocytes.

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11
Q

Stratum granulosum?

A

3 to 5 layers of flat dying cells and contain dark-staining.

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12
Q

Stratum lucidum?

A

3 to 5 layers of dead clear cells found on palms and soles of feet.

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13
Q

Stratum corneum?

A

25 to 30 layers of dead flat cells, continuously shed, friction stimulates callus.

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14
Q

Types of skin?

A

Thick and thin.

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15
Q

Characteristics of thick skin?

A

Palmer and planter surface, about 30 layers of dead cells, and contains all 5 layers.

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16
Q

Characteristics of thin skin?

A

Rest of body surfaces, few layers of dead skin.

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17
Q

Epidermal ridges?

A

Increases area of contact for better grip.

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18
Q

Where is melanin made?

A

By melanocytes in the epidermis.

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19
Q

What increases melanin?

A

UV sunlight.

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20
Q

What do melanocytes convert what to melanin?

A

Tyrosine.

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21
Q

what are the types of melanin?

A

Eumelanin (black) and pheomelanin (red-brown).

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22
Q

What are freckles or liver spots?

A

Melanocytes in a patch.

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23
Q

What is a nevus?

A

A mole or benign localized overgrowth.

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24
Q

What is albinism?

A

An inherited lack of tyrosinase; no pigment.

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25
Q

What are other types of skin pigments?

A

Carotene and hemoglobin.

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26
Q

What is Carotene?

A

Yellow orange pigment (precursor of vitaminA) found in stratum corneum and subcutaneous.

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27
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Red, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells.

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28
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer.

29
Q

What does the papillary layer consist of?

A

Areolar Ct, capillries and neurons and dermal papillae.

30
Q

What does the reticular layer consist of?

A

Anchoring layer, large vessels, nerves, adipocytes, arrector pili muscle, and dense irregular CT.

31
Q

What is the cutaneous plexus and location?

A

Network of arteries and veins. Located in the subcutaneous layer.

32
Q

What is the papillary plexus and location?

A

Helps nourish epidermal layer. Follows epidermal/dermal boundary.

33
Q

What causes stretch marks?

A

Weight can, weight loss, or growth.

34
Q

What are stretch marks?

A

Fibers stretch, loose elasticity and break.

35
Q

Another name for the hypodermis?

A

Superficial fascia/subcutaneous layer.

36
Q

What does the hypodermis consist of?

A

Areolar CT, adipose CT, collagen & elastic fibers.

37
Q

Purpose of hypodermis?

A

Adipose acts as insulator, holds major blood vessels and nerves, and stabilizes skin.

38
Q

Features of hair?

A

On most surfaces, hair number fixed at birth.

39
Q

Types of hair?

A

Vellus (peach fuzz), Terminal (guys have all over), and Intermediate (girls have on arms).

40
Q

What does hair consist of?

A

Shaft, root, bulb, cuticle, cortex, and medulla.

41
Q

Functions of hair?

A

Protection, reduction of heat loss, and sensing light touch.

42
Q

What is the root hair plexus?

A

Sensory nerves surrounding follicle and detect hair movement.

43
Q

What is the arrector pili?

A

Smooth muscle, moves hair, and causes goosebumps.

44
Q

3 stages of hair growth?

A

Anagen, catagen, and telogen stage.

45
Q

What is the anagen stage?

A

Lasts from 2 to 6 years and matrix cells at base of hair root.

46
Q

What is the catagen stage?

A

Lasts up to 2 weeks and matrix xells inactive & follicle atrophies.

47
Q

What is the telogen stage?

A

Hair follicle remains dormant and hair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews.

48
Q

What causes hair color?

A

Melanin produced in melanocytes.

49
Q

What causes brown/black hair?

A

Contains a large amount of eumelanin.

50
Q

What causes blonde hair?

A

Contains little eumelanin.

51
Q

What causes red hair?

A

Contains has high level of pheomelanin.

52
Q

What causes gray hair?

A

Decline in all melanin production.

53
Q

Types of glands of the skin?

A

Sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous, and mammary.

54
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete and the 2 types?

A

Sebum (oil). With hair sebum released into follicle and without hair sebum secreted onto epidermis.

55
Q

What do sudoriferous glands secrete and 2 types?

A

Sweat. Apocrine and eccrine (they are merocrine glands though).

56
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands secrete and location?

A

Sensible perspirations (water, NaCl, urea). Found on most body surfaces (greatest on palms).

57
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands secrete and location.

A

Produce viscous secretion. Located in axillae and groin.

58
Q

Modified apocrine sweat glands?

A

Mammary and ceruminous.

59
Q

Nail is composed of?

A

Nail body, nail bed, nail root, and lunula

60
Q

What are burns?

A

Tissue damage & cell death.

61
Q

What cause burns?

A

Heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals.

62
Q

What are the associated dangers of burns?

A

Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and circulatory shock.

63
Q

Types of burns?

A

First, second, and third degree burns.

64
Q

First degree burn?

A

Skin red & swollen; only epidermis damaged.

65
Q

Second degree burn?

A

Skin red with blisters; epidermis & upper dermis damaged.

66
Q

Third degree burn?

A

Gray-white or black; destroys entire layer.

67
Q

Burns considered critical if?

A

25% of body 2nd degree or 10% 3rd degree.

68
Q

Effects of aging?

A

Less hair, reduced blood supply, dermis tends to thin, drying of epidermis, and fewer melanocytes.

Anatomy (24 decks)

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