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Anatomy > Chapter 20 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

How many liters of blood are in a human?

A

5 liters.

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2
Q

Is blood a connective tissue?

A

OF COURSE IT IS KT.

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3
Q

What is another name for cells in blood?

A

Formed elements.

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4
Q

What is the matrix of blood?

A

Plasma.

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5
Q

What are the basic functions of blood?

A

Transport materials and help maintain stable cellular enviroment.

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6
Q

What materials does blood transport?

A

Nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes, and specialized cells that defend tissues.

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7
Q

What % of blood volume is plasma?

A

55%

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8
Q

What are the functions of blood plasma?

A

Transport nutrients, gases, & vitamins, regulate fluid & electrolytes, and maintain pH.

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9
Q

What is the composition of blood plasma?

A

92% water, 7 Proteins, and 1% solutes.

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10
Q

How does blood plasma differ from interstitial fluid?

A

Greater O2 concentration, reduced CO2 concentration, and significantly more dissolved proteins.

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11
Q

What are the proteins of blood plasma?

A

Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogens.

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12
Q

What percent of blood plasma proteins is albumin?

A

60%.

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13
Q

Albumin function?

A

Smallest, maintains osmotic pressure of blood, controls blood volume, and transports fatty materials in blood.

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14
Q

What types of fatty materials does albumin transport?

A

Bilirubin, steroids, and lipids.

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15
Q

What percent of blood plasma proteins is globulins?

A

35%.

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16
Q

What are the types globulins?

A

Immunoglobulins and transport globulins.

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17
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

Antibodies.

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18
Q

What are the functions of transport globulins?

A

Transport compounds by binding to them and prevent filtering by kidneys.

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19
Q

What percent of blood plasma proteins is fibrinogen?

A

4%.

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20
Q

What are the functions of fibrinogen?

A

Blood clotting.

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21
Q

What is plasma without plasma proteins?

A

Serum.

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22
Q

What are the solutes of blood plasma?

A

Waste, electrolytes, and organic nutrients.

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23
Q

What are the wastes of blood plasma?

A

Urea and ammonia.

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24
Q

What are the electrolytes of blood plasma?

A

Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3 -, HPO4 -, and SO4 2-.

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25
Q

What are the organic nutrients of blood plasma?

A

Lipids, glucose, and amino acids.

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26
Q

What are erythyrocytes?

A

Red blood cells.

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27
Q

What percent of blood are erythyrocytes?

A

40%.

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28
Q

What is the total amount of erythyrocytes known as?

A

The hematocrit.

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29
Q

What percentage of erythyrocytes are formed elements?

A

99.9%.

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30
Q

What is the structure of erythyrocytes?

A

Biconcave disks with: thin central region, thick outer region, large surface area/volume ratio.

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31
Q

Are erythyrocytes mononucleat, anucleate, or multinucleate?

A

Anucleate.

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32
Q

What does erythyrocytes being anucleat mean?

A

It lacks most organelles.

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33
Q

What does being anucleate allow the erythyrocyte to do?

A

Allows for pasage through capillaries, forms rouleaux (stacks of RBCs) and flexible.

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34
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules/cell?

A

280 million.

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35
Q

What percent of RBC proteins is hemoglobin?

A

95%.

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36
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

4 polypeptide subunits, one heme group per polypeptide, and one iron (Fe) per heme group.

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37
Q

What are the functions of hemoglobin?

A

Each carries one O2 molecule, the reaction is easily reversed, and CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin.

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38
Q

What is hemoglobin bonded with oxygen called and its color?

A

Oxyhemoglobin and bright red.

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39
Q

What is hemoglobin called after it is unbound from oxygen and color?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin and deep red/maroon.

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40
Q

What is hemoglobin bonded with CO2 called?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin.

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41
Q

What percent of blood CO2 does carbaminohemoglobin account for?

A

23%.

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42
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells.

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43
Q

What are the functions of leukocytes?

A

Defend against pathogens and remove toxins, wastes, & damaged cells.

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44
Q

Do leukocytes function in the circulatory system?

A

WHY WOULD THEY KIDDO?

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45
Q

Where do leukocytes move from and to?

A

From blood vessels into tissues.

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46
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Squeeing out of the BV’s and going to different tissues.

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47
Q

What are the 2 classifications of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes.

48
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes?

A

Granular inclusions in cytoplasm.

49
Q

Characteristics of agranulocytes?

A

No visible granules.

50
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

51
Q

What percent of WBCs are neutrophils?

A

60%.

52
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils?

A

Lobed nucleus and very mobile.

53
Q

Functions of neutrophils?

A

1st defense against microorganisms, phagocytic, and attract more neutrophils.

54
Q

What percent of WBCs are eosinophils?

A

2-4%.

55
Q

Characteristics of eosinophils?

A

Bi-lobed nucleus and red granules.

56
Q

Functions of eosinophils?

A

Attracted to injuries, phagocytize compounds bonded with antibodies, and increase during allergic reactions.

57
Q

What percent of WBCs are basophils?

A

1%.

58
Q

Characteristics of basophils?

A

S-shaped nucleus and blue granules.

59
Q

Functions of basophils?

A

Release anticoagulants and release histamine (causes inflammatory response and attracts other WBCs).

60
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes.

61
Q

What percent of WBCs are monocytes?

A

2-8%.

62
Q

Characteristics of monocytes?

A

Largest cells in blood.

63
Q

Functions of monocytes?

A

Recruit mre monocytes, attarct fibroblasts, and pahgocytize foreign material (fuse to form osteoclasts and form free and fixed macrophages).

64
Q

What percent of WBCs are lymphocytes?

A

20-30%.

65
Q

Characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

Mature in lymph organs, smallest, and non-phagocytic.

66
Q

Functions of lymphocytes?

A

Specific immunity: focuse on a single pathogen, produce antibodies, and destroy abnormal tissue.

67
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells.

68
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

Attack foreign cells directly.

69
Q

What do B-cells do?

A

Differentiate into plasmocytes that produce antibodies.

70
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Immune surveillance and destruction of abnormal cells such as cancer cells.

71
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets.

72
Q

What are platelets made of?

A

Smalle, anucleate cell fragments.

73
Q

Where do platelets come from?

A

Megakaryocytes.

74
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Produce proteins for blood clotting.

75
Q

How long do platelets last?

A

About 10-12 days.

76
Q

What is blood clotting called?

A

Hemostasis.

77
Q

What does the formation of a clot involve?

A

Transport of important clotting agents, formations of a temporary patch and clot contraction.

78
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

All blood cells are derived from a pluripotent stem cell.

79
Q

What cells are not derived from the resulting myeloid tissue?

A

Lymphocytes.

80
Q

Where are all new blood cells produced in adults?

A

Bone marrow.

81
Q

What is blood?

A

Hi beautiful you probably did not get this answer exactly right but that is ok. I just wanted to leave a little surprise for you to see at some point. You have absolutely how much I LOVE YOU!!! you mean the world to me and when I am with you nothing else matters to me!!!! I am pretty sure time stops when I am holding you in my arms and I love it!! Until my next surprise bebe I love you mwahhhh mwahhhh!! Now quit procrastinating and continue to study.

82
Q

In utero what help make blood cells?

A

Liver and spleen.

83
Q

What is erythyropoiesis?

A

The formation of RBCs.

84
Q

Do RBCs have a nucleus or mitochondria?

A

NOT AT ALL CONNOOOOR.

85
Q

Do RBCs repair?

A

Nope just a little bit of wear and tear without repair.

86
Q

How long do RBCs last?

A

120 days.

87
Q

What percent of RBCs are replaced per day?

A

About 1%.

88
Q

How many RBCs are replaced per secons?

A

3 million.

89
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

The formation of WBCs.

90
Q

Where do granulocytes complete their development?

A

Red marrow.

91
Q

How long do neutrophils last?

A

12 hours and die after they engulf an object.

92
Q

When do monocytes complete development?

A

When they exit the circulatory system.

93
Q

Where do immature lymphocytes go?

A

Bone marrow and thymus.

94
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature?

A

Spleen, tonsils, or lymph nodes.

95
Q

How long can lymphocytes last?

A

For several years.

96
Q

RBC plasmalemma has what?

A

Surface antigens.

97
Q

What are antigens?

A

Usually glycoproteins or glycolipids.

98
Q

How is blood type determined?

A

By genetics.

99
Q

What determine your blod type?

A

A,B, and Rh.

100
Q

What antigens can people have?

A

A, B, AB, or none.

101
Q

What do you produce antibodies for?

A

All antigens you do not have.

102
Q

What happens when foreign antigens are introduced into your bloodstream?

A

You produce antibodies to destroy them.

103
Q

What type of blood can AB patients receive?

A

Any blood

104
Q

What type of blood can A patients receive?

A

A or O, and produces B antibodies.

105
Q

What type of blood can B patients receive?

A

B or O, and produce A antibodies.

106
Q

What type of blood can O patients receive?

A

Only O, produce both A and B antibodies.

107
Q

What is the Rh group named after?

A

Rhesus macaque.

108
Q

Reasons why you love KT???

A

There are way too many reasons to put on this flashcard silly! You just do, so accept it and give her a kiss

109
Q

If you have Rh antigen you are?

A

Rh+.

110
Q

If you have no antigen you are?

A

Rh-.

111
Q

What is the Rh antigen somtimes referred as?

A

The D antigen.

112
Q

When do Rh- people produce antibodies?

A

Only when exposed to the Rh antigen.

113
Q

When does this usually occur?

A

When someone receives and Rh+ transfusion or pregnant with Rh+ baby.

114
Q

What happens when an Rh- mother is pregnant with a second Rh+ baby?

A

The Rh- mother may reject the Rh+ baby.

115
Q

Hi Katie!!!!!

A

I love you!!!!

Anatomy (24 decks)

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