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Anatomy > Chapter 3 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to perform different functions.

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2
Q

4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural.

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics?

A

Covers all body surfaces, cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, and regeneration.

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4
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Physical protection, control permeability, sensation, secreations.

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5
Q

What is cellularity?

A

Made of cells

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6
Q

Are there blood vessels in epithelial tissue?

A

No.

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7
Q

Polarity means?

A

Has extremes, one end exposed other is not.

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8
Q

What is the basal side?

A

Attached side or basement.

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9
Q

What is the lateral side?

A

To the side (cell junctions).

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10
Q

What is the apical side?

A

The top or apex.

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11
Q

Where does the basal surface attach?

A

Basal lamina (basement membrane).

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12
Q

What does lamina lucida mean?

A

Clear layer.

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13
Q

What does lamina densa mean?

A

Dense layer.

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14
Q

Where does the basal lamina exist?

A

On top of the connective tissue.

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15
Q

Purpose of simple epithelium?

A

Secretion & absorption.

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16
Q

Purpose of stratified epithelium?

A

Protection.

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17
Q

Purpose of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Protection.

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18
Q

Cell shapes?

A

Squamous (flat), cubodial (cubed shape), columnar (tall cylindrical), and transition (can change shape).

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19
Q

Cell layers?

A

Simple (single layer), stratified (two or more layers), pseudostratified (single layer appear stratified).

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20
Q

Simple squamous structure, function, and location?

A

One layer of thin, flat, irregular cells. Absorption, diffusion, and reduce friction. Blood vessels and lungs.

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21
Q

Simple cubodial structure, function, and location?

A

One layer, hexagonal box shaped cells. Absorption, secretion, limited protection. Glands and ducts.

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22
Q

Simple columnar structure, function, and location?

A

One layer, column shaped. Protection, absorption, and secretion. Stomach, intestine and gallbladder.

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23
Q

Pseudostratified columnar structure, function, and location?

A

One layer, multi-shaped cells, nuclei at varied heights. Protection and secretion. Respiratory tract.

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24
Q

Stratified Squamous structure, function, and location?

A

Thin, flat, irregular shaped cells, and multiple layers. protection against abrasion. Skin and mouth.

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25
Q

Stratified cubodial structure, function, and location?

A

Multiple layers, hexagonal shaped boxes. Secretion. Sweat glands (RARE).

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26
Q

Stratified columnar structure, function, and location?

A

Layered columns. Protection and Secretion. Pharynx and anus (RARE).

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27
Q

Transitional structure, function, and location?

A

Multiple layers and can change shape. Expansion and recoil without tearing. Urinary bladder and renal pelvis.

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28
Q

What is a gland?

A

Epithelial cells aggregated together to produce a specific product(s).

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29
Q

What does exocrine mean?

A

Secrete products into ducts that open on a surface (sweat).

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30
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Secrete products into tissue fluid or blood (adrenaline).

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31
Q

type of unicellular exocrine gland?

A

Goblet cell.

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32
Q

Types of multicellular exocrine glands?

A

Secretory sheets, multicellular simple gland, and multicellular compound gland.

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33
Q

What is the difference between multicellular simple and compound glands

A

Simple have one duct and compound have multiple ducts.

34
Q

Types of exocrine glands?

A

Merocrine, aprocrine, holocrine.

35
Q

How are glands classified?

A

How they secrete.

36
Q

How do merocrine glands secrete?

A

They secrete via exocytosis (salivary glands)

37
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Product made in cell and released by cell.

38
Q

How do apocrine glands secrete?

A

Product is within the part of the cell that is pinched off (mammary glands).

39
Q

How do holocrine glands secrete?

A

The product accumulates in the cytosol and ruptures (sebaceous glands).

40
Q

General traits of connective tissue?

A

Most abundant, multiple functions, spread apart, able to reproduce, well nourished (good supply of blood), vary in structure.

41
Q

What is connective tissue derived from?

A

Mesenchymal cells.

42
Q

What is connective tissue composed of?

A

Extracellular matrix and cells that produce the matrix.

43
Q

What is extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Protein fibers and ground substance.

44
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Bind structures, support, protection, fill space, store fat, produce blood, repair damage, protect against infection, and transport fluid.

45
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A

Connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substance.

46
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose and dense.

47
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar, adipose, and reticular.

48
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

regular, irregular, elastic.

49
Q

What are the major cell types of connective tissue proper?

A

Fixed cells and wandering cells.

50
Q

Types of fixed cells?

A

Mesenchymal, fibroblasts, fixed macrophages, adipocytes, and melanocytes.

51
Q

Types of wandering cells?

A

Free macrophages and other white blood cells.

52
Q

What are the major fibers of connective tissue proper?

A

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.

53
Q

Characteristics of collagen fibers and location?

A

Tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable. Found in bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.

54
Q

Characteristics of elastic fibers and location?

A

Rubbery, resilient, and can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length. Found in lungs, blood vessels, and skin.

55
Q

Characteristics of reticular fibers and location?

A

Thin branched fibers that form the framework of organs. Spleen, lymph nodes, and basal lamina.

56
Q

What CT is loosely arranged fibers, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes. Hold skin to underlying organs and fill space. Digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, smooth muscles, nerves, and joints?

A

Areolar connective tissue.

57
Q

What CT is mostly adipocytes. Cushions joints, insulation, store energy, and support. Hypodermis, between muscles, behind eye, joints, and surface of heart?

A

Adipose connective tissue.

58
Q

What CT is fibroblasts and reticular fibers in 3-D web. Support tissue in walls of organs. Lymphoid organs, liver, and spleen?

A

Reticular connective tissue.

59
Q

What CT is many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, and little open space. Reinforces structures in one direction. Tendons and ligaments?

A

Dense regular connective tissue.

60
Q

What CT is same as regular except no pattern. Reinforces in several directions. Dermis, joint capsules, and capsules of organs?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue.

61
Q

What CT is elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks (fibroblasts). Between vertebrae and walls of hollow organs. Provide elasticity?

A

Elastic connective tissue.

62
Q

What are the types of fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood and lymph.

63
Q

What is supporting connective tissue and examples?

A

Provides a framework that supports the rest of the body. Cartilage and bone.

64
Q

What are membranes made of and their function?

A

Made of epithelial and connective tissue. Form barriers, cover and protect.

65
Q

Types of membranes?

A

Mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes, synovial membranes.

66
Q

Function and examples of mucous membranes?

A

Lines passageways open to exterior and moistened by mucous. Respiratory passages, mouth and digestive tract.

67
Q

Function and examples of serous membranes?

A

Secretes watery fluid. Lining of pleural cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, scrotal cavity, and pericardical cavity.

68
Q

Function and example of cutaneous membrane?

A

Covers body surface, thick, waterproof, and dry. Skin.

69
Q

Function and example of synovial membrane?

A

Produces synovial fluid, lubricates joints, promotes smooth movement. In joint cavities.

70
Q

Types of connective tissue framework?

A

Superficial fascia, deep fascia, and subserous fascia.

71
Q

Location of superficial fascia?

A

Breolar and adipose tissue layer and sits deep to cutaneous membrane.

72
Q

Locaction of deep fascia?

A

Binds to tendons, ligaments, capsules, bone, and deep to superficial fascia.

73
Q

Location of subserous fascia?

A

Binds to serous membranes and deep to deep fascia.

74
Q

General characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

Contractile, elastic, extensible, and excitable.

75
Q

Types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

76
Q

Structure, function, and location of skeletal muscle?

A

Large cylindrical muscle fibers,, multinucleated, striated, has satellite cells. Voluntary control of skeleton,, controls opening into digestive system, and heat generation. Skeletal muscles.

77
Q

Structure, function, and location of cardiac muscle?

A

Unicellular branched cardiocytes, uninucleate, striated, and involuntary. Heartbeat. Heart.

78
Q

Structure, function, and location of smooth muscle?

A

Short tapered cells, uninucleated, nonstriated, involuntary, can divide and regenerate. Involuntary control of respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems. Lines tracts, blood vessels, and hollow organs.

79
Q

Types of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and neuroglia.

80
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Transmit impulses for cell communication.

81
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

Support, nourish, and protect neurons.

Anatomy (24 decks)

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