Chapter 3 - Tissues Flashcards
What are tissues?
A group of similar cells that work together to perform different functions.
4 types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural.
Epithelial tissue characteristics?
Covers all body surfaces, cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, and regeneration.
Functions of epithelial tissue?
Physical protection, control permeability, sensation, secreations.
What is cellularity?
Made of cells
Are there blood vessels in epithelial tissue?
No.
Polarity means?
Has extremes, one end exposed other is not.
What is the basal side?
Attached side or basement.
What is the lateral side?
To the side (cell junctions).
What is the apical side?
The top or apex.
Where does the basal surface attach?
Basal lamina (basement membrane).
What does lamina lucida mean?
Clear layer.
What does lamina densa mean?
Dense layer.
Where does the basal lamina exist?
On top of the connective tissue.
Purpose of simple epithelium?
Secretion & absorption.
Purpose of stratified epithelium?
Protection.
Purpose of pseudostratified epithelium?
Protection.
Cell shapes?
Squamous (flat), cubodial (cubed shape), columnar (tall cylindrical), and transition (can change shape).
Cell layers?
Simple (single layer), stratified (two or more layers), pseudostratified (single layer appear stratified).
Simple squamous structure, function, and location?
One layer of thin, flat, irregular cells. Absorption, diffusion, and reduce friction. Blood vessels and lungs.
Simple cubodial structure, function, and location?
One layer, hexagonal box shaped cells. Absorption, secretion, limited protection. Glands and ducts.
Simple columnar structure, function, and location?
One layer, column shaped. Protection, absorption, and secretion. Stomach, intestine and gallbladder.
Pseudostratified columnar structure, function, and location?
One layer, multi-shaped cells, nuclei at varied heights. Protection and secretion. Respiratory tract.
Stratified Squamous structure, function, and location?
Thin, flat, irregular shaped cells, and multiple layers. protection against abrasion. Skin and mouth.
Stratified cubodial structure, function, and location?
Multiple layers, hexagonal shaped boxes. Secretion. Sweat glands (RARE).
Stratified columnar structure, function, and location?
Layered columns. Protection and Secretion. Pharynx and anus (RARE).
Transitional structure, function, and location?
Multiple layers and can change shape. Expansion and recoil without tearing. Urinary bladder and renal pelvis.
What is a gland?
Epithelial cells aggregated together to produce a specific product(s).
What does exocrine mean?
Secrete products into ducts that open on a surface (sweat).
What does endocrine mean?
Secrete products into tissue fluid or blood (adrenaline).
type of unicellular exocrine gland?
Goblet cell.
Types of multicellular exocrine glands?
Secretory sheets, multicellular simple gland, and multicellular compound gland.
What is the difference between multicellular simple and compound glands
Simple have one duct and compound have multiple ducts.
Types of exocrine glands?
Merocrine, aprocrine, holocrine.
How are glands classified?
How they secrete.
How do merocrine glands secrete?
They secrete via exocytosis (salivary glands)
What is exocytosis?
Product made in cell and released by cell.
How do apocrine glands secrete?
Product is within the part of the cell that is pinched off (mammary glands).
How do holocrine glands secrete?
The product accumulates in the cytosol and ruptures (sebaceous glands).
General traits of connective tissue?
Most abundant, multiple functions, spread apart, able to reproduce, well nourished (good supply of blood), vary in structure.
What is connective tissue derived from?
Mesenchymal cells.
What is connective tissue composed of?
Extracellular matrix and cells that produce the matrix.
What is extracellular matrix composed of?
Protein fibers and ground substance.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Bind structures, support, protection, fill space, store fat, produce blood, repair damage, protect against infection, and transport fluid.
What is connective tissue proper?
Connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substance.
What are the types of connective tissue proper?
Loose and dense.
What is loose connective tissue?
Areolar, adipose, and reticular.
What is dense connective tissue?
regular, irregular, elastic.
What are the major cell types of connective tissue proper?
Fixed cells and wandering cells.
Types of fixed cells?
Mesenchymal, fibroblasts, fixed macrophages, adipocytes, and melanocytes.
Types of wandering cells?
Free macrophages and other white blood cells.
What are the major fibers of connective tissue proper?
Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
Characteristics of collagen fibers and location?
Tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable. Found in bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.
Characteristics of elastic fibers and location?
Rubbery, resilient, and can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length. Found in lungs, blood vessels, and skin.
Characteristics of reticular fibers and location?
Thin branched fibers that form the framework of organs. Spleen, lymph nodes, and basal lamina.
What CT is loosely arranged fibers, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes. Hold skin to underlying organs and fill space. Digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, smooth muscles, nerves, and joints?
Areolar connective tissue.
What CT is mostly adipocytes. Cushions joints, insulation, store energy, and support. Hypodermis, between muscles, behind eye, joints, and surface of heart?
Adipose connective tissue.
What CT is fibroblasts and reticular fibers in 3-D web. Support tissue in walls of organs. Lymphoid organs, liver, and spleen?
Reticular connective tissue.
What CT is many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, and little open space. Reinforces structures in one direction. Tendons and ligaments?
Dense regular connective tissue.
What CT is same as regular except no pattern. Reinforces in several directions. Dermis, joint capsules, and capsules of organs?
Dense irregular connective tissue.
What CT is elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks (fibroblasts). Between vertebrae and walls of hollow organs. Provide elasticity?
Elastic connective tissue.
What are the types of fluid connective tissue?
Blood and lymph.
What is supporting connective tissue and examples?
Provides a framework that supports the rest of the body. Cartilage and bone.
What are membranes made of and their function?
Made of epithelial and connective tissue. Form barriers, cover and protect.
Types of membranes?
Mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes, synovial membranes.
Function and examples of mucous membranes?
Lines passageways open to exterior and moistened by mucous. Respiratory passages, mouth and digestive tract.
Function and examples of serous membranes?
Secretes watery fluid. Lining of pleural cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, scrotal cavity, and pericardical cavity.
Function and example of cutaneous membrane?
Covers body surface, thick, waterproof, and dry. Skin.
Function and example of synovial membrane?
Produces synovial fluid, lubricates joints, promotes smooth movement. In joint cavities.
Types of connective tissue framework?
Superficial fascia, deep fascia, and subserous fascia.
Location of superficial fascia?
Breolar and adipose tissue layer and sits deep to cutaneous membrane.
Locaction of deep fascia?
Binds to tendons, ligaments, capsules, bone, and deep to superficial fascia.
Location of subserous fascia?
Binds to serous membranes and deep to deep fascia.
General characteristics of muscle tissue?
Contractile, elastic, extensible, and excitable.
Types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Structure, function, and location of skeletal muscle?
Large cylindrical muscle fibers,, multinucleated, striated, has satellite cells. Voluntary control of skeleton,, controls opening into digestive system, and heat generation. Skeletal muscles.
Structure, function, and location of cardiac muscle?
Unicellular branched cardiocytes, uninucleate, striated, and involuntary. Heartbeat. Heart.
Structure, function, and location of smooth muscle?
Short tapered cells, uninucleated, nonstriated, involuntary, can divide and regenerate. Involuntary control of respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems. Lines tracts, blood vessels, and hollow organs.
Types of nervous tissue?
Neurons and neuroglia.
What do neurons do?
Transmit impulses for cell communication.
What do neuroglia do?
Support, nourish, and protect neurons.
