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Anatomy > Chapter 27 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 27 - Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the reproductive system?

A

Produce some reproductive hormones, produce gametes, facilitate fertilaztion, proivde nutrients and gestate fetus, provide nutrients for newborn.

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2
Q

Functions of the male reproductive system?

A

Produce & maintain gametes, transport gametes into female for fertilization, and secrete sex hormones.

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3
Q

What are suspended by a spermatic cord within scrotum?

A

Testes.

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4
Q

What do testes do?

A

Produce sperm and male sex hormones.

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5
Q

What hormones to testes produce?

A

Androgens such as testosterone.

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6
Q

What does testosterone do in fetal development?

A

Stimulate formation of reproductive organs and stimulate descent of testes.

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7
Q

What does testosterone do during puberty?

A

Stimulate development of secondary sex characteristics, increase cellular metabolism, increase production of RBCs, and stimulate sexual activity.

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8
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Pouch of skin inferior to perineum and each testis occupies a scrotal cavity.

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9
Q

What are the 3 structures of the scrotum?

A

Tunica vaginalis, dartos muscle, and cremaster muscle.

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10
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Serous membrane surrounding each testis.

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11
Q

What does the dartos muscle do?

A

Wrinkling of scrotum.

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12
Q

What does the cremaster muscle do?

A

Elevates testes closer to body to keep them at the proper temperature.

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13
Q

Where does the spermatic cord extend?

A

Through the inguinal cavity.

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14
Q

What comprises the spermatic cord?

A

Vas deferens, gentiofemoral nerve, differential artery, testicular artery, and pampiniform.

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15
Q

What do lobules in the testes house?

A

Seminiferous tubules.

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16
Q

How are lobules separeted from one another?

A

Tunica albuginea.

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17
Q

How many coiled tubes per tubule?

A

About 800.

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18
Q

What does each tubule straighten into?

A

Straight tubule.

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19
Q

What is the maze called that straight tubules meet?

A

Rete testis.

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20
Q

Where are intestitial cells located and what do the produce?

A

Found in between the tubules and produce testosterone.

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21
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process where sperm cells are made.

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22
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

In the seminiferous tubules.

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23
Q

When does meiosis occur during spermatogenesis?

A

Midway through and results in haploid sperm.

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24
Q

What are nurse cells stimulated by during spermatogenesis?

A

Stimulated by FSH and testosterone.

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25
Q

What do nurse cells do during spermatogenesis?

A

Support growth of the sperm, maintain blood testes barrier, and produce the hormone inhibin.

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26
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Represses FSH.

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27
Q

What are the 5 stages of spermatogenesis?

A 
Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatozoa
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28
Q

What are the structures of a sperm?

A

Head, neck, middlepiece, and tail.

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29
Q

What is in the head of sperm?

A

Acrosome.

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30
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

A vesicular compartment containing enzymes to penetrate oocyte.

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31
Q

What does the middlepiece contain?

A

Many mitochondria.

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32
Q

What is the tail?

A

A flagella.

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33
Q

Where does the epididymis lie?

A

Posterior border of testes.

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34
Q

What are the regions of the epididymis?

A

Head, body, and tail.

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35
Q

What are the functions of the epididymis?

A

Recyles damaged spermatazoa and stores spermatozoa and matures them.

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36
Q

Where do the spermatozoa go to after the testes?

A

The epididymis.

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37
Q

How long does the maturation process take in the epidiymis?

A

2 weeks.

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38
Q

What is another name for the ductus deferens?

A

Vas deferens.

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39
Q

Where does the vas deferens travel?

A

Out of the scrotum and around posterior of the bladder and merges with the seminal vesicles.

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40
Q

What is the enlarged portion at the base?

A

Ampulla.

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41
Q

What occurs at the ampulla?

A

Peristalsis may occur.

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42
Q

What does the seminal vesicle lead to?

A

Ejaculatory duct.

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43
Q

What is the seminal vesicles?

A

First of three glands that contribute to semen.

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44
Q

Location of the seminal vesicles?

A

Posterior to bladder.

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45
Q

What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

A

60% semen volume, fructose, prostoglandins, and clotting factors.

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46
Q

What do the seminal vesicles do?

A

Cause sperm to become motile.

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47
Q

Prostate gland characteristics?

A

Muscular, rounded organ, and 4 cm diameter.

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48
Q

Location of prostate?

A

Inferior to bladder.

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49
Q

What does the prostate surround?

A

The urethra.

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50
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

Antibiotic and seminalplasmin.

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51
Q

Where is the bulbourethral?

A

Found in the urogenital diaphragm.

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52
Q

What does the bulbourethal secrete?

A

A thick alkaline mucus.

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53
Q

What is the PENIS made of?

A

Tow sets of erectile tissue.

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54
Q

What are the erectile tissues?

A

Corpora cavenosa and corpus spongiosum.

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55
Q

Corpora cavernosa characteristics?

A

Two cylindrical masses with a central artery.

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56
Q

Corpus spongiosum characteristics?

A

One mass that houses the urethra.

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57
Q

How does an erection occur?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation occurs causing both tissues to fill with blood.

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58
Q

What are the structures of the PENIS?

A

Root, body, and glans.

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59
Q

What is the root?

A

Corpora cavernosa that extends to the ischial rami.

60
Q

What is the body?

A

Tubular and consists of all erectile tissues.

61
Q

What is the glans?

A

Enlarged, distal portion of corpus spongiosum and it is cover by a flap of skin?

62
Q

What is the name of the skin that covers the glans?

A

Prepuce.

63
Q

What are the 3 parts of the urethra in males?

A

Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra.

64
Q

Where does the prostatic urethra run?

A

Through the prostate.

65
Q

Where does the membranous urethra run?

A

Through the urogenital spongiosum.

66
Q

Where does the spongy run and exit?

A

Runs through the corpus spongiosum and exits at external urethral orifice.

67
Q

What are the functions of the female system?

A

Produce & maintain sex cells, transport sex cells to site of fertilization, provide favorable environment for developing offspring, move offspring to outside, and produce female sex hormone.

68
Q

What are the ligaments of the female reproductive system?

A

Broad ligament, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament and uterosacral ligament.

69
Q

What does the broad ligament do?

A

Encloses superior internal structures.

70
Q

What does the ovarian ligament connect?

A

Ovary to uterus.

71
Q

What does the suspensory ligament connect?

A

Ovary to pelvic wall.

72
Q

What does the uterosacral ligament connect?

A

Inferior uterus to sacrum.

73
Q

Location of ovaries?

A

Paired organs at the lateral walls of pelvic cavity.

74
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Receive blood from ovarian arteries & veins and house the gametes.

75
Q

What are the ovaries covered by?

A

Germinal epithelium and tunica albuginea.

76
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Egg development.

77
Q

What are the 4 stages of oogenesis?

A

Oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, and ovum.

78
Q

Oogonium develops when?

A

Before birth.

79
Q

Primary oocyte develops when?

A

Before birth.

80
Q

Secondary oocyte develops when?

A

Just before ovulation.

81
Q

When does the ovum occur?

A

ONLY during fertilization.

82
Q

What are the 7 steps of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. All follicles start as small primordial follicles.
  2. 1 primordial follicle develops into a primary follicle.
  3. The primary follicle enlarges and matures into a mature follicle.
  4. Ovulation occurs.
  5. The remaining follicle now develops into a corpus luteum.
  6. If fertilization occurs the corpus luteum remains.
  7. If no fertilization the corpus luteum deteriorates into the corpus albicans.
83
Q

What does the primary follicle do?

A

Grows granulosa cells and starts to produce estrogens.

84
Q

What does the mature follicle do?

A

Primary oocyte becomes a secondary oocyte, granulosa cells increase in number, a fluid antrum forms, and make even more estrogen.

85
Q

What happens when ovulation occurs?

A

Secondary oocyte is released.

86
Q

What happens when the corpus luteum forms?

A

Makes both progesterone and estrogen.

87
Q

What happens if fertilization occurs?

A

Corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone and estrogen.

88
Q

What happens when the corpus albicans forms?

A

Hormone levels drop and cycle begins again.

89
Q

What is another name for the uterine tubes?

A

Fallopian tubes.

90
Q

What are the parts of the fallopian tubes?

A

Infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus.

91
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Expanded end and contains the fimbriae.

92
Q

What is the fimbriae?

A

Finger like projections.

93
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

Intermediate portion.

94
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

The narrow section.

95
Q

What do the fallopian tubes consist of?

A

Smooth muscle and ciliated epithelium.

96
Q

When do the cilia beat?

A

When ovulation occurs.

97
Q

How long does the oocyte take to travel through the fallopian tube?

A

3-4 days.

98
Q

When must fertilization occur in the fallopian tube?

A

During the first half of the trip.

99
Q

What is the shape of the uterus?

A

Small and pear shaped. (I bet you won’t look at pears the same way now hehe)

100
Q

Where does the uterus sit?

A

On top of the bladder?

101
Q

I a woman’s uterus usually anterflexed or retroflexed?

A

Anteflexed.

102
Q

What percent of women have a retroflexed uterus?

A

20%.

103
Q

What are the major sections of the uterus?

A

Fundus, body, and cervix.

104
Q

What is in the body?

A

Uterine cavity.

105
Q

What is in the cervix?

A

Internal os, cervical canal, and external os.

106
Q

What are the layers of the uterine wall?

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium.

107
Q

Perimetrium characteristics?

A

Incomplete out visceral peritoneum.

108
Q

Myometrium characteristics?

A

Muscular layer and 1.5 cm thick.

109
Q

Endometrium characteristics?

A

Glandular inner layer.

110
Q

What are the layers of the endometrium?

A

Functional layer and basilar layer.

111
Q

Which layer is shed during menses?

A

Functional layer.

112
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

A

Menses, proliferative, and secretory.

113
Q

What causes the menses phase?

A

Caused by a drop in estrogen and progesterone due to the corpus albican.

114
Q

What occurs in the menses phase?

A

Arteries constrict, secretory tissues and glands begin to die, and functional layer is shed.

115
Q

What causes the proliferative phase?

A

Caused by the production of estrogen by the follicle.

116
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase?

A

Basal epithelium multiplies and glands regrow.

117
Q

When does the proliferative phase last until?

A

Ovulation.

118
Q

What causes the secretory phase?

A

Caused by progesterone and estrogen released by the corpus luteum.

119
Q

What occurs during the secretory phase?

A

Endometrial glands enlarge, arterial elongation, peaks at 12 days after ovulation.

120
Q

When will the secretory phase persist?

A

With pregnancy.

121
Q

When will the secretory phase stop and deterioration begin?

A

When the corpus albicans occurs.

122
Q

What is the VAGINA composed of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, smooth muscle, and elastic fibers.

123
Q

Characteristics of the VAGINA?

A

Has rugae, cervix projects into the vaginal canal, exits to the outside, and contains the hymen.

124
Q

What is the hymen?

A

An epithelial fold that partially blocks the entrance.

125
Q

What are the functions of the VAGINA?

A

Passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids, receives PENIS and hold spermatozoa, and lower portion of the birth canal.

126
Q

What are the female external organs?

A

Vulva, Labia minora, and clitoris.

127
Q

What is the vulva?

A

The external genital area.

128
Q

What is the labia minora?

A

Smooth, hairless, and skin flaps surrounding the vestibule.

129
Q

What does the vestibule contain?

A

The urethral opening and the VAGINAL entrance.

130
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

Erectile tissue.

131
Q

What is the clitoris surrounded by?

A

A prepuce.

132
Q

What is the outer vulva made up of?

A

Mons pubis and labia majora.

133
Q

What is the location of mammary glands?

A

Found within pectoral fat pads in the subcutaneous tissue.

134
Q

What are mammary glands supported by?

A

Suspensory ligaments.

135
Q

What do the lobes of mammary glands do?

A

Produce milk.

136
Q

What does milk move through?

A

Lactiferous ducts.

137
Q

Where is milk stored?

A

In the lactiferous sinuses.

138
Q

Where does milk exit?

A

Through the nipple?

139
Q

What is the area around the nipple?

A

The areola.

140
Q

What hormones trigger milk production?

A

Prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), and human placental lactogen (HPL).

141
Q

What stimulates smooth muscle contraction and ejection?

A

Oxytocin.

142
Q

Do mammary glands develop differently in male and female children?

A

NO.

143
Q

At puberty how do mammary glands develop in males?

A

THEY FAIL TO DEVELOP.

144
Q

At puberty what causes mammary glands to develop in females?

A

Ovarian hormones.

145
Q

How do mammary glands develop during puberty for females?

A

Alveolar glands & ducts enlarge and fat is deposited.

146
Q

Getting to slide 146 signifies you have successfully completed the reproductive system!! Click below for your prize!!!

A

Now you can tell the VP that you finally have mastered the PENIS and VAGINA!!!!!!!! CONGRATS!!!!!!!!!

Anatomy (24 decks)

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