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Anatomy > Chapter 24 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system consists of what?

A

Upper and lower respiratory systems.

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2
Q

What is the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx.

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3
Q

Functions of the upper respiratory system?

A

Filter, warm & humidify air and bring it to and from the lower respiratory system.

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4
Q

What is the lower respiratory system?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

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5
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Gas exchange surface.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Extensive area for gas exchange, move air to and from exchange surfaces, protect exchange surfaces from damage, produce vocalization, and regulate blood volume, pH, and pressure.

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7
Q

What damages does the respiratory system protect exchange surfaces from?

A

Dehydration, temperature, and pathogens.

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8
Q

How many functional parameters do respiratory surfaces have?

A

3

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9
Q

What are the 3 functional parameters of respiratory surfaces?

A

Increase the surface area of the membrane, decrease thickness of the respiratory membrane, and highly vascularize the respiratory membrane (maximize concentration gradient).

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10
Q

What is the external nose comprised of?

A

Cartilage, nasal bone, and external nares.

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11
Q

What are the cartilages of the external nose?

A

Lateral nasal, major alar, and minor alar.

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12
Q

What is another name for external nares?

A

Nostrils.

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13
Q

What do the external nose enclose?

A

The nasal vestibule.

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14
Q

Nasal vestibule characteristics?

A

Protected by hairs, opens into nasal cavity, and divided by nasal septum.

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15
Q

Where does the nasal cavity start and end?

A

Starts at nasal vestibule and ends at internal nares.

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16
Q

How is the nasal cavity divided into 2?

A

By the nasal septum.

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17
Q

What comprises the nasal septum?

A

Ethmoid, vomer, and septal cartilage.

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18
Q

How is the nasal cavity separated from the oral cavity?

A

By the hard and soft palate?

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19
Q

What makes up the hard palate?

A

Palatine and maxilla.

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20
Q

What is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

Mucus membrane.

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21
Q

What is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Superior region and all areas with olfactory receptors.

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22
Q

What areas contain olfactory receptors?

A

Cribiform plate, superior nasal conchae, and superior septum.

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23
Q

What are nasal conchae?

A

Projections of bone on each side of nasal cavity.

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24
Q

What are the nasal conchae?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior.

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25
Q

What make up the conchae?

A

The ethmoid bone and inferior nasal concha bone.

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26
Q

What are the grooves in between conchae called?

A

Meatuses.

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27
Q

What are the functions of conchae?

A

Divide cavity into passages, support mucous membranes, increase surface area, increase turbulence, and filter out airborne particles.

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28
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Air-filled sacs within cranial bones.

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29
Q

What are the sinuses?

A

Maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid.

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30
Q

Where do sinuses open?

A

Into the nasal cavity.

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31
Q

What are sinuses lined with?

A

Mucous membrane.

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32
Q

What are the functions of sinuses?

A

Decrease weight of skull, produce mucus, and resonant chambers.

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33
Q

What is another name for the pharynx?

A

Throat.

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34
Q

Characteristics of the pharynx?

A

A shared passageway for respiratory and digestive system.

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35
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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36
Q

Location of nasopharynx?

A

Above uvula & posterior to internal nares.

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37
Q

Location of oropharynx?

A

Portion visible in mirror.

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38
Q

Location of laryngopharynx?

A

Between hyoid & esophagus.

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39
Q

Functions of the pharynx?

A

Passage for food, passage for air, and sound production.

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40
Q

What are the layers of the respiratory tree?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and trachealis muscle.

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41
Q

Mucosa characteristics?

A

Goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

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42
Q

Submucosa characteristics?

A

Areolar CT and serous & mucous glands.

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43
Q

Trachealis muscle characteristics?

A

Transverse & longitudinal smooth muscle.

44
Q

Is there more or less muscle as you move closer to the lungs?

A

IF YOU SAID LESS YOU ARE WRONG!!

45
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Enlargement in airways at top of trachea & below pharynx.

46
Q

Functions of the larynx?

A

Routes air & food to proper channels, surrounds & protects glottis, and houses vocal cords?

47
Q

What is the glottis?

A

Opening into larynx.

48
Q

What are vocal cords?

A

Folds in mucous membrane.

49
Q

What are the 2 folds?

A

Vestibular and vocal folds.

50
Q

Vestibular fold functions?

A

No sound production and muscles help close larynx during swallowing.

51
Q

What is another name for the vestibular folds?

A

False vocal cords.

52
Q

Vocal folds function?

A

Cause sound production.

53
Q

Another name for vocal folds?

A

True vocal cords.

54
Q

How does speaking occur?

A

Air is pushed past vocal folds causing vibrations.

55
Q

How is pitch controlled?

A

Changing tension of cords.

56
Q

Tight cords = Low or High pitch?

A

HIGH.

57
Q

What is volume related to?

A

Force of air over cords.

58
Q

More force = loud or quiet?

A

LOUD.

59
Q

What change sound?

A

Oral cavity, lips & tongue.

60
Q

Trachea characteristics?

A

Flexible tube and connects larynx with bronchi.

61
Q

What is the composition of the trachea?

A

Inner wall.

62
Q

What composes the inner wall?

A

Ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells and 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.

63
Q

What are the functions of the ciliated mucous membrane?

A

Beat continuously and expel mucous loaded with debris.

64
Q

What are the functions of the trachea?

A

Filter and direct incoming air, cartilage rings prevent collapsing (but are still flexible), and soft tissue in back allows esophagus to expand.

65
Q

How are bronchi formed?

A

By division of the trachea.

66
Q

Characteristics of bronchi.

A

Split at carina, enter lungs at hilus, and bronchi subdivide into smaller & smaller branches

67
Q

What are the branches of the bronchi?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and bronchioles.

68
Q

Are the right and left bronchi the exact same?

A

OF COURSE NOT!

69
Q

Right bronchus characteristics?

A

Wider, shorter, & straighter, divides into 3 parts (one per lobe), and the superior one divides very early.

70
Q

How are bronchioles formed?

A

Branching of the tertiary bronchi.

71
Q

How many terminal bronchioles are formed?

A

6500.

72
Q

Are bronchioles smooth muscle or cartilage dominant?

A

Smooth muscle.

73
Q

What are the types of smooth muscle contractions in bronchioles?

A

Bronchodialation and bronchoconstriction.

74
Q

What controls bronchodialation?

A

SNS.

75
Q

What controls bronchoconstriction?

A

PSNS.

76
Q

What do terminal bronchioles branch into?

A

Respiratory lobules.

77
Q

How many lobule per respiratory lobule?

A

50-80.

78
Q

What do respiratory lobules branch into?

A

Alveolar ducts.

79
Q

What do alveolar ducts lead to?

A

alveolar sacs.

80
Q

Alveolar sacs contain what?

A

Several alveoli.

81
Q

How many alveoli per lung?

A

150 million.

82
Q

Alveoli characteristics?

A

Each is associated with a network of capillaries and abundance of elastic fibers.

83
Q

Alveolus consist of what?

A

Pneumocyte type I & type II cells, basal lamina, capillary network, and connective tissue.

84
Q

Pneumocyte type I characteristics?

A

Simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange and moist lining aids diffusion across respiratory membrane.

85
Q

Pneumocyte type II characteristics?

A

No gas exchange and secrete pulmonary surfactant.

86
Q

Pulmonary surfactant characteristics?

A

Fluid with a lower cohesive force than water, alveolar walls don’t stick to each other, and prevents collapse of alveoli.

87
Q

What are the connective tissues of alveolus?

A

Fibroblasts and macrophages.

88
Q

Fibroblasts composition?

A

Elastic and reticular fibers.

89
Q

Macrophages function?

A

Phagocytosis.

90
Q

What do all of the structures in alveolus make for?

A

A thin and flexible membrane.

91
Q

Lungs location?

A

In thoracic cavity.

92
Q

What is the lung surrounded by?

A

Parietal pleura and visceral pleura.

93
Q

What is between the pleural layers?

A

Pleural cavity.

94
Q

Structure of the lungs?

A

Apex, base, hilus, lobes, and lobes divide into lobules.

95
Q

What enter the hilus of the lungs?

A

All vessels and bronchi.

96
Q

Number of lobes per side and what separate them?

A

Right=3
Left=2
Fissures separate them.

97
Q

What des breathing depend on?

A

Volume changes in thoracic cavity.

98
Q

Volume changes lead to what?

A

Pressure change.

99
Q

When pressure changes what occurs?

A

Gases flow to equalize pressure.

100
Q

What are the 2 phases of breathing?

A

Inspiration and expiration.

101
Q

Inspiration steps?

A

Diaphragm & external intercostal muscles contract, thoracic cavity expands, pressure in pleural cavity decreases, lungs expand into lower pressure area, pressure in lungs decreases, air moves into lungs to equalize pressure.

102
Q

Is expiration an active process?

A

I THINK NOT!

103
Q

Expiration steps?

A

Muscles relax, recoil shrinks thoracic cavity, pressure in pleural cavity increases, lungs are compressed. pressure in lungs increase, and air moves out to equalize pressure.

104
Q

What is another name for expiration?

A

Tidal expiration.

105
Q

Forced expiration steps?

A

Internal intercostals, external obliques, & abdominal recti muscles contract, further shrink thoracic cavity, pressure in pleural cavity increase, lungs are compressed, pressure in lungs increases, and air moves out to equalize pressure.

106
Q

Steps of air entering body.

A

Mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory lobules, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli.

107
Q

CONGRADUALTIONS YOU MADE IT TO THE END!! CLICK BELOW TO SEE WHAT PRIZE YOU HAVE WON!!!!!!!

A

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Anatomy (24 decks)

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