Articulations (KT) Flashcards
Joints aka…?
Articulations
Points of contact for joints… (3)
- Between 2 bones
- Between Cartilage and bone
- Between teeth and bones
The study of joints
Arthrology
Study of motion
Kinesiology
How are joints classified?
Based on movement
Immovable joints
Synarthosis
Slightly movable joints
Amphiarthrosis
Freely movable joints
Diarthrosis
Classification of joints based on anatomy… 3 kinds
- Fibrous (collagen fibers)
- Cartilaginous (cartilage)
- Synovial (joint capsules & accessory ligaments)
Type of joint that…
- Lack of synovial cavity
- Bones held close together by fibrous connective tissue
- Little or no movement
Fibrous Joints
Structural types of Fibrous Joints… (3)
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- Gomphoses
- Thin layers of dense fibrous connective tissue that unites bones of the skull
- Immovable
Sutures
Sutures that are fused completely in adults
Synostosis
- Fibrous joint
- Bones united by ligament
- Slightly movable
Syndesmosis
Example of Syndesmosis
- Anterior tibiofibular joint
2. Interosseous membrane
- Ligament holds cone shaped peg in bony socket
- Immovable (synarthrosis)
Gomphosis
Examples of Gomphosis
-Teeth in alveolar process of maxillae or mandible
Joints that…
- Lack a synovial cavity
- Allows little or no movement
- Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Cartilage Joints
2 types of Cartilage Joints
- Synchondroses
2. Symphyses
Cartilage joint that…
- Connecting material is hyaline cartilage
- Immovable
Synchondrosis
Example of synchondrosis
- Epiphyseal Plate
- Joints between ribs and sternum
- When fusion occurs it becomes a synostosis
Cartilage joint that…
- Fibrocartilage is connecting material
- Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
Symphysis
Example of Symphysis
- Intervertebral Discs
- Pubic symphysis
Features of the Synovial Joint (2)
- 2 bones separated by a fluid filled cavity
2. Joint capsule has 2 layers
2 layers of the Synovial Joint
- Synovial Membrane
2. Articular Cartilage
Synovial fluid components… (3)
- Blood filtrate
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Glycoproteins
Synovial Fluid Functions… (3)
- Lubricate joint surfaces
- Nourish Chondrocytes
- Shock absorber
Structure that…
- Reinforces and strengthens joint capsule
- Connect bone to bone with dense irregular connection tissue
Ligaments
Ligament types (2)
- Extracapsular Ligaments
2. Intracapsular Ligaments
Outside joint capsule
Ex. Tibial and Fibular Collaterals
Extracapsular Ligaments
Within the capsule
Ex. Cruciates (ACL)
Intracapsular Ligaments
-Pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivide a cavity
-Also known as menisci
Ex. Knee joint
Articular Discs
Functions of Articular Discs
- Channel flow of synovial fluid
- Modify articular surfaces
- Restrict movements at joints
- Cushion articulating surfaces
- Help distribute body weight
Adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule
Ex. Tibiofemoral Joint
Fat pads
Functions of the fat pads
- Protect articular cartilage
- Packing material
- Fills space when joint changes shape
- Small fluid filled pockets of connective tissue
- Located in hypodermis, between tendons/ligaments and bones
Bursae
Functions of Bursae (2)
- Cushion and support
2. Aid movement of tendons
Type of movement that…
-2 opposing surfaces slide past one another
Gliding
Type of movement that…
-A change in angle between the shaft and the articular surface
Angular movement
Type of movement that…
- A type of angular motion
- Rotation of the shaft while changing the angle
Circumduction
Type of movement that…
-Spinning of the shaft without changing the angle
Rotation
Types of angular movement (5)
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Flexion
- Extension
- Hyperextension
Types of rotation (2)
- Pronation
2. Supination
Eversion/Inversion
Ex. Angling your foot inward and outward
Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion
Ex. Angling the foot up and down
Lateral flexion
Ex. Angling the head away from the midline of the body
Protraction/Retraction
The moving of the jaw (underbite and overbite)
Opposition
Ex. Moving of the thumb
Elevation and depression
Opening and closing your mouth
Trade off of flexibility and stability of synovial joints (4)
- Shape of articulating surfaces
- Tightness of ligaments
- Presence of accessory ligaments
- Other factors such as bones, muscles, or fat pads
Types of synovial joints… (6)
- Plane
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condylar
- Saddle
- Ball and Socket
Type of synovial joint that…
- Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
- Side to side movement only
- Rotation prevented by ligament
Plane Joint
Examples of Plane Joints (4)
- Intercarpal Joints
- Intertarsal Joints
- Sternalclavicular Joints
- Vertebrocostal Joints
Type of synovial joint that…
- Convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2rd bone
- Uniaxial like door hinge
Hinge Joint
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Examples of a hinge joint (4)
- Knee
- Elbow
- Ankle
- Interphalangeal Joint
Movements produced by Hinge Joint (3)
- Flexion
- Extension
- Hyperextension
Type of synovial joint that…
- Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by second bone and ligament
- Uniaxial
Pivot Joint
Examples of Pivot Joint
- Proximal Radioulnar Joint
2. Atlanto-Axial
Type of synovial joint that…
- Oval shaped projection fits into oval depression
- Biaxial
Condylar Joint
Examples of condylar joints
- wrist
2. Metacarpophalangeal Joints for digits 2 to 5
Type of synovial joint that…
- One bone saddle shaped other bone fits like a person sitting in that saddle
- Biaxial
Saddle Joint
Examples of saddle joints
- Trapezium of Carpus
2. Metacarpal of the thumb
Ball fitting into a cuplike depression
-Multiaxial
Ball and socket joint
Movement of ball and socket joint?
- Flexion/Extension
- Abduction and adduction
- Rotation
Examples of Ball and Socket Joints
- Shoulder joint
2. Hip Joint
Temporomandibular Joint
- Hinge Joint
- Between condylar process of mandible and mandibular fossa
- Condyles slide back and forth along joint socket
- 2 synovial joints
Intervertebral Articulations
- Facets
- Vertebrae articulate at the superior and inferior articular processes
- Plane joint
- Restricts lateral movement
Intervertebral discs allow for what movements?
- Allow flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation
What are the 2 layers of the intervertebral discs?
- Anulus Fibrosus (fibrocartilage)
- Nucleus Pulposus
(Composed of… water 75%, reticular & elastic fibers)
- Slipped discs
- Nucleus pulposus breaked through annulus fibrosus
- Movements of the vertebral column compress nucleus
Herniated Disc
Glenohumeral Joint
-head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Glandoid cavity is covered by the…
Glenoid Labrum
What is the glenoid labrum?
A ring od dense irregular connective tissue attached to the margin a the glenoid cavity
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What are the 2 joints of the elbow?
- Humerus and ulna
2. Radius and ulna
Radiocarpal Joint
- The articular process of the radius and the lunate and the scaphoid
- Allows for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
Intercarpal joints move by…
Gliding
Carpometacarpal joints…
1, Thumb (saddle)
2. Other digits (plane, sliding)
Metacarpophalangeal Joints
- Hand to fingers (condylar)
- Adduction/Abduction
- Flexion/Extension
Metacarpophalangeal Joints
Hand to fingers
-Condylar
(adduction/abduction, flexion, extension)
Interphalangeal Joints
Fingers
- Hinge Joint
(flexion, extension)
Hip Joint
- Femoral head of the femur and the acetabulum of the os coxa
- Ball and Socket
- Labrum extends the size of the acetabulum
The knee joint must…(4)
- Support body mass
- Have up to 160 degrees of motion
- Be unobstructed by muscle (like hip)
- Lack strong yet limiting ligaments
The 2 Knee Joints
- Tibiofemoral Joint
2. Patellofemoral Joint
Tibiofemoral Joint
Hinge Joint
Flexion, extension, some rotation
Patellofemoral Joint
- Planar joint
sliding
Talocrural Joint (3)
- Tibiotalar
- Tibiofibular
- Fibulotalar
- dorsi and plantarflexion
Intertarsal Joint
Planar joints between tarsals
Tarsometatarsal Joint
Plane joints between tarsals and metatarsals
Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Condylar joints between metatarsals and digits
Interphalangeal Joints
Hinge joints in digits
What type of joint is the temporomandibular and the types of movements?
Hinge. Elevation/depression, lateral gliding, protraction/retraction.
What are the land marks that articulate the temporomandibular joint?
Condylar process of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone.
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital and the types of movement?
Condylar. Flexion/extension.
What are the land marks that articulate the atlanto-occipital joint?
Articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles of the occipital bone.
What type of joint is the atlanto-axial and the types of movement.
Pivot. Rotation.
What are the land marks that articulate the atlanto-axial joint?
Facet for dens of atlas and dens of axis.
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular and the types of movement?
Planar. Slight gliding.
What are the land marks that articulate the acromioclavicular joint?
Acromion of the scapula and acromion end of clavicle.
What type of joint is the glenohumeral and the types of movement?
Ball-and-Socket. Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, rotation.
What are the land marks that articulate the glenohumeral joint.
Glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus.
What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar and types of movement?
Pivot. Rotation.
What are the land marks that articulate the proximal radioulnar joint?
Head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna.
What type of joint is the distal radioulnar and types of movement?
Pivot. Supination/pronation.
What are the land marks that articulate the distal radioulnar joint?
Head of ulna and ulnar notch of the radius.
What type of joint is the radiocarpal and the types of movement?
Condylar. Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and circumduction.
What are the land marks that articulate the radiocarpal joint?
The distal articular surface of the radius and the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum.
What type of joint is the sacro-iliac and the types of movement?
Planar. Gliding movements.
What are the land marks that articulate the sacro-iliac joint?
Auricular surface of sacrum and auricular surface of the ilium.
What are the ligaments of the shoulder? (5)
Coracoacromial, acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular, glenohumeral, and coracohumeral.
What are the ligaments of the elbow? (3)
Annular, ulnar collateral, radial collateral.
What are the ligaments of the hip? (3)
iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral.
What are the ligaments of the knee? (7)
Tibial (medial) collateral, fibular (lateral) collateral, anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, patellar ligament, medial meniscus, and lateral meniscus.
