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Anatomy > Chapter 5 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there?

A

206.

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2
Q

2 divisions of skeleton?

A

Axial and appendicular.

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3
Q

2 types of bone tissue?

A

Compact and spongy.

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4
Q

How much of the body mass is bone?

A

20%.

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5
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

Cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments.

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6
Q

Functions of the skeletal system?

A

Protection, support, movement, storage, and blood cell production.

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7
Q

Cartilage consists of?

A

Cells and extracellular matrix.

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8
Q

Does cartilage have arteries, veins, or lymphocytes?

A

No.

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9
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

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10
Q

Hyaline cartilage structure and location?

A

Most common but weakest. Chondrocytes, chonrotin sulfate, and some collagen. Embryonic skeleton, articular surfaces, respiratory passages, nasal septum, between ribs & sternum.

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11
Q

Elastic cartilage structure and location?

A

Chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, densely packed elastic fibers. Auricle, tip & lateral walls of nose, and epiglottis.

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12
Q

Fibrocartilage structure and location?

A

Chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfates, densely packed collagen fibers. Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, articular catrilage in knee.

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13
Q

Perichondrium structure and function?

A

Fibrous connective tissue. Support and protection surrounds cartilage.

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14
Q

Locations of perichondrium?

A

Hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage.

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15
Q

Layers of perichondrium?

A

Outer: binds cartilage to adjacent tissues, provides support and protection. Inner: for growth & maintenance.

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16
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Starts in perichondrium, mesenchymal cells become chondrogenic cells then chondroblasts which force cells apart and become chondrocytes.

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17
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Chondrocytes are enclosed in matrix and divide they start to move apart. Growth of cartilage from within.

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18
Q

Characteristics of osseous tissue?

A

Supportive CT, contains specialized cells, and solid extracellular matrix.

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19
Q

What is the osseous extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Osteoid (organic portion), ground substance (Ca salt), and water.

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20
Q

Types of bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

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21
Q

What are osteoprogenitors?

A

Play role in initial bone growth and fracture repair.

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22
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Secrete osteoid causing bone growth.

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23
Q

What are osteocytes.

A

Mature cells, maintain homeostasis of Ca & PO4, found in Lacunae.

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24
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Breakdown bone.

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25
Q

Bone matrix is composed of?

A

Inorganic materials (65%) and osteoid (35%).

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26
Q

Compact bone is arranged into?

A

Osteons, which contain blood vessels and nerves and concentric lamellae.

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27
Q

Spongy bone is arranged into?

A

Trabeculae, latticework of thin plates of bone filled with red marrow, found in ends of long bones, and lightens bone.

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28
Q

Osteocytes communicate through?

A

Canaliculi that radiate outward and connect one cell to the next.

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29
Q

The different types of lamellae?

A

Concentric, interstitial, and circumferential.

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30
Q

Concentric lamellae is?

A

Layers of bone surrounding the central canal (makes up osteons).

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31
Q

Interstitial lamellae is?

A

Found between the osteons and represents older osteons partially removed during tissue remodeling.

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32
Q

Circumferential lamellae is?

A

Surrounds compact bone and directly produced from periosteum.

33
Q

Spongy bone consists of?

A

Trabeculae, osteocytes in lacunae, canaliculi, and matrix.

34
Q

What does periosteum do and absent from where?

A

Encloses bone. Site of attachemetn of muscles, tendons, and ligaments or surfaces covered by articular cartilage.

35
Q

What are the layers of periosteum?

A

Outer: gives rose to collagen. Inner: for growth of new cells & maintenance.

36
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

1 cell layer, covers surfaces of spongy bone & medullary cavity.

37
Q

Cell types of the endosteum?

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

38
Q

Anatomy of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis(shaft), epiphysis(one end), metaphysis(growth plate), articular cartilage(over joint surfaces), and medullary cavity(marrow cavity).

39
Q

Types of bone marrow?

A

Yellow and red marrow.

40
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Areolar and adipose CT, in medullary cavity of long bones, and energy storage

41
Q

What is red marrow?

A

Areolar and myeloid tissue, produces all types of blood cells, and located in spongy bone in adults.

42
Q

Where are yellow and red marrow found in infants?

A

Yellow is not and red is in the medullary cavities.

43
Q

The types of arteries of bone?

A

Periosteal, nutrient, metaphyseal & epiphyseal (all have corresponding veins).

44
Q

What do periosteal arteries do?

A

Supply periosteum.

45
Q

What do nutrient arteries do?

A

Enter through nutrient foramen and supplies compact bone of diaphysis & yellow marrow.

46
Q

What do metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries do?

A

Supply red marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses and metaphyses.

47
Q

What is ossification?

A

Replacing CT with bone.

48
Q

What is intramembranous?

A

Mesenchymal cells to spongy bone.

49
Q

What is endochondral?

A

Hyaline cartilage to spongy bone

50
Q

Where does bone growth occur?

A

At the epiphyseal plate.

51
Q

When does growth stop?

A

When 2 ossification centers meet.

52
Q

Cartilage depletes and epiphyseal plate narrows forming?

A

Epiphyseal line.

53
Q

What are the 2 types of bone growth?

A

Appositional and elongation.

54
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Compact bone deposited beneath periostium, bone thickens, and bone remodeling occurs throughout life.

55
Q

What causes bone remodeling?

A

Osteoclasts & osteoblasts.

56
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Continual redistribution of bone matrix along lines of mechanical stress.

57
Q

How much compact bone is remodeled per year?

A

4%

58
Q

How much spongy bone is remodeled per year?

A

20%

59
Q

What is remodeled every 4 months?

A

Distal femur.

60
Q

Two types of fractures?

A

Closed (simple) and open (compound).

61
Q

What is a closed or simple fracture?

A

Break that does not penetrate skin.

62
Q

What is an open or compound fracture?

A

Broken bone penetrates through skin.

63
Q

4 stages of bone repair?

A

Fracture hematoma, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, and remodel tissue.

64
Q

How long does a fracture hematoma take to form?

A

A few hours.

65
Q

What is a fracture hematoma?

A

A mass of blood with swelling and inflammation.

66
Q

What eliminate dead cells/broken matrix?

A

Phagocytes and osteoclasts.

67
Q

What is a fibrocartilaginous callus ?

A

Consists of a mass bridging the broken ends of the bone.

68
Q

What causes the fibrocartilaginous callus?

A

Fibroblasts in periosteum produce collagen and periosteum cells differentiate into chondrocytes. resulting in fibrocartilage.

69
Q

How long does it take for a fibrocartilaginous callus to form?

A

About 3 weeks.

70
Q

What causes a bony callus to form?

A

The fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to spongy bone trabuculae.

71
Q

How long does a bony callus last?

A

3 to 4 months.

72
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Remaining dead bone fragments are reabsored and compact bone replaces spongy bone.

73
Q

Can you easily see where a bone was fractured when properly healed?

A

No.

74
Q

How long can bone remodeling take?

A

weeks to months depending on severity of break.

75
Q

Factors affecting growth, repair, & development.

A

Nutrition (vitamin D), sunlight, hormones, and physical stress.

76
Q

What are the hormones that affect growth, repair, & development?

A

Parathyroid (PTH), calcitonin, growth hormone (GH), thyroid, and sex hormones.

77
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Abnormal reduction of bone mass.

78
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A

Loss of estrogen at menopause, deficiency of minerals on youth, and imbalance in activity between osteoblasts & osteoclasts.

79
Q

What is fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva?

A

Fibrous tissue becomes ossified, genetic disorder, and injury results inappropriate bone formation.

Anatomy (24 decks)

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