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Anatomy > Chapter 14 - Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Gross anatomy of spinal cord?

A

Part of CNS, slender nerve column, 45 cm long, starts at foramen magnum and ends between L1 & L2, and there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

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2
Q

Overall structure of spinal cord?

A

Bilateral symmetry, consist of gray and white matter, central canal (hole down the center of cord continuous with brain ventricles), and 2 grooves.

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3
Q

What are the 2 grooves of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus.

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4
Q

What are enlargements?

A

Swollen regions of the spinal cord.

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5
Q

What are the enlargement regions?

A

Cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement.

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6
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Inferior most tip of spinal cord and it is cone shaped.

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7
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

It means horse’s tail, it is a bundle of nerves inferior to spinal cord.

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8
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

inferior most spinal nerve.

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9
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Cell bodies, dendrites, synapses, and projections called horns.

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10
Q

How are the cell bodies organized in gray matter?

A

Into nuclei.

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11
Q

What are the 2 components of gray matter?

A

Interior horns and gray commissure.

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12
Q

What are the interior horns?

A

Posterior horn, anterior gray horn and lateral gray horn.

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13
Q

What are the gray commissures?

A

Anterior commissure and posterior commissure.

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14
Q

How are the commissures separated?

A

The central canal.

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15
Q

What are the components of white matter?

A

Posterior white column, anterior white column, lateral white column, ascending tract (sensory), and descending tract (motor).

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16
Q

What are meninges?

A

Membranes covering CNS and are similar in brain and spinal cord.

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17
Q

How meninges split?

A

Into layers called mater.

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18
Q

What are superficial to meninges?

A

vertebra and epidural space.

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19
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Space between meninges and vertebra and contain BVs and adipose.

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20
Q

What are the types of spinal meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

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21
Q

Dura mater characteristics?

A

“Tough mother”, durable, deep to epidural space, superficial to subdural space, and stabilized by coccygeal ligament.

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22
Q

Arachnoid mater characteristics?

A

“Spidery mother”, superficial to subarachnoid space (contains CSF), and CT looks like a spider web.

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23
Q

Pia mater characteristics?

A

“Delicate mother”, lightl layer adhering to cord, and forms part of filum terminale.

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24
Q

The layers of the meninges (Vas Eats Daily So Anthony Sees Poop Nuggets?

A

Vertebra, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid layer, subarachnoid space (with CSF), pia mater, and neural tissue.

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25
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

31.

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26
Q

Number of pairs per region of spine?

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.

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27
Q

2 nerve components?

A

Dorsal root and ventral root.

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28
Q

Dorsal root characteristics?

A

Dorsal root ganglion (houses soma) and usually sensory.

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29
Q

Ventral root characteristics?

A

No ganglion and usually motor.

30
Q

All roots go through what?

A

Intervertebral foramina?

31
Q

Do roots merge?

A

Yes , they merge to form nerves.

32
Q

What are the types of connective tissue coverings of nerves?

A

Epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium.

33
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Surrounds the entire nerve.

34
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

Surrounds bundles of 10 - 100 axons (known as fascicles).

35
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

Surrounds each individual axon of each neuron.

36
Q

How are spinal nerves organized?

A

Rami, which are offshoots of a nerve once it exits the vertebra.

37
Q

What are the types of rami?

A

Dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, and ramus communicantes.

38
Q

What are rami communicantes?

A

Splitting in the ramus separating sensory and motor fibers.

39
Q

What are the types of rami communicantes?

A

White ramus communicantes and gray ramus communicantes.

40
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Sensory innervation by specific spinal nerves.

41
Q

Characteristics of dermatomes?

A

Spinal cord damage will result in loss of sensation in dermatome and it is the detection method.

42
Q

What are nerve plexuses?

A

Braid of ventral rami.

43
Q

Where are nerve plexuses found?

A

Cervical, lumbar, sacral regions, and most thoracic nerves are all isolated.

44
Q

What is the cervical plexus?

A

C1 - C4 & part of C5.

45
Q

What does the cervical plexus innervate?

A

Certain muscles of neck and torso.

46
Q

Main nerve of cervical plexus?

A

Phrenic, C3, 4, & 5, goes to diaphragm.

47
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

C4 - C8 & T1.

48
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

A

The chest, upper back, and arm.

49
Q

What are the nerves of the brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous, ulnar nerve, median nerve, and radial nerve.

50
Q

Where does the musculocutaneous nerve go?

A

To anterior muscles of arms & skin of forearm.

51
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve go?

A

To muscles of forearm, hands & skin of hands.

52
Q

Where does the median nerve go?

A

To muscles of forearm, hands & skin of hands.

53
Q

Where does the radial nerve go?

A

To posterios muscles of arms & skin of forearms & hands.

54
Q

What is the lumbsacral plexus?

A

The last thoracic, lumbar, sacral & coccygeal nerves and may be split into lumbar and sacral plexuses?

55
Q

What does the lumbosacral plexus innervate?

A

The lower limb regions.

56
Q

What are the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus?

A

Obturator nerve, femoral nerve, and sciatic nerve.

57
Q

Where does the obturator nerve go?

A

To adductors of leg.

58
Q

Where does the femoral nerve go?

A

Motor impulses to leg & thigh & receive sensory from skin of leg & thigh.

59
Q

Where does sciatic nerve go?

A

To muscles & skin in thighs, legs & feet.

60
Q

Characteristics of reflexes?

A

Rapid automatic involuntary motor response to stimuli, help preserve homeostasis, occur at spinal cord, DO NOT require cerebral processing, and can be modified by cerebral control.

61
Q

How are reflexes classified?

A

By development, site of processing, nature of motor response, and complexity of neural circuit.

62
Q

Types of reflexes based on development?

A

Genetically (built in) and learned (acquired).

63
Q

Types of reflexes based on site of processing?

A

Spinal reflex (impulse goes to spinal cord) and cranial reflex (makes it to brain).

64
Q

Types of reflexes based on nature of motor response?

A

Somatics (skeletal movement) and Visceral or autonomic (involluntary movements).

65
Q

Types of reflexes based on complexity of neural circuit?

A

Monosynaptic = 1 and polysynaptic = > 1.

66
Q

What are the steps of a reflex arc (5)?

A
  1. The receptor is stimulated by a detectible environmental stimulus.
  2. The receptor stimulates a sensory neuron that sends a signal to the CNS for processing.
  3. The information is processed by being transmitted to the appropriate neurons.
  4. A motor neuron is stimulated and sends response to effector.
  5. The effector responds to the stimulation.
67
Q

What is the stretch reflex?

A

A reflex stimulated by the stretching of a muscle.

68
Q

What are muscle spindle fobers?

A

Receptors that detects stretching.

69
Q

What is the effector of the stretch reflex?

A

The contraction of the muscle.

70
Q

What type of reflex is the patellar reflex?

A

Stretch reflex.

71
Q

What are the functions of the patellar reflex?

A

Prevent muscles from being overstrecthed and prevent one from falling forward.

72
Q

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A

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Anatomy (24 decks)

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