Chapter 14 - Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves

Question 1

Gross anatomy of spinal cord?

Answer 1

Part of CNS, slender nerve column, 45 cm long, starts at foramen magnum and ends between L1 & L2, and there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Question 2

Overall structure of spinal cord?

Answer 2

Bilateral symmetry, consist of gray and white matter, central canal (hole down the center of cord continuous with brain ventricles), and 2 grooves.

Question 3

What are the 2 grooves of the spinal cord?

Answer 3

Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus.

Question 4

What are enlargements?

Answer 4

Swollen regions of the spinal cord.

Question 5

What are the enlargement regions?

Answer 5

Cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement.

Question 6

What is the conus medullaris?

Answer 6

Inferior most tip of spinal cord and it is cone shaped.

Question 7

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 7

It means horse’s tail, it is a bundle of nerves inferior to spinal cord.

Question 8

What is the filum terminale?

Answer 8

inferior most spinal nerve.

Question 9

What is gray matter?

Answer 9

Cell bodies, dendrites, synapses, and projections called horns.

Question 10

How are the cell bodies organized in gray matter?

Answer 10

Into nuclei.

Question 11

What are the 2 components of gray matter?

Answer 11

Interior horns and gray commissure.

Question 12

What are the interior horns?

Answer 12

Posterior horn, anterior gray horn and lateral gray horn.

Question 13

What are the gray commissures?

Answer 13

Anterior commissure and posterior commissure.

Question 14

How are the commissures separated?

Answer 14

The central canal.

Question 15

What are the components of white matter?

Answer 15

Posterior white column, anterior white column, lateral white column, ascending tract (sensory), and descending tract (motor).

Question 16

What are meninges?

Answer 16

Membranes covering CNS and are similar in brain and spinal cord.

Question 17

How meninges split?

Answer 17

Into layers called mater.

Question 18

What are superficial to meninges?

Answer 18

vertebra and epidural space.

Question 19

What is the epidural space?

Answer 19

Space between meninges and vertebra and contain BVs and adipose.

Question 20

What are the types of spinal meninges?

Answer 20

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Question 21

Dura mater characteristics?

Answer 21

“Tough mother”, durable, deep to epidural space, superficial to subdural space, and stabilized by coccygeal ligament.

Question 22

Arachnoid mater characteristics?

Answer 22

“Spidery mother”, superficial to subarachnoid space (contains CSF), and CT looks like a spider web.

Question 23

Pia mater characteristics?

Answer 23

“Delicate mother”, lightl layer adhering to cord, and forms part of filum terminale.

Question 24

The layers of the meninges (Vas Eats Daily So Anthony Sees Poop Nuggets?

Answer 24

Vertebra, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid layer, subarachnoid space (with CSF), pia mater, and neural tissue.

Question 25

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

Answer 25

31.

Question 26

Number of pairs per region of spine?

Answer 26

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.

Question 27

2 nerve components?

Answer 27

Dorsal root and ventral root.

Question 28

Dorsal root characteristics?

Answer 28

Dorsal root ganglion (houses soma) and usually sensory.

Question 29

Ventral root characteristics?

Answer 29

No ganglion and usually motor.

Question 30

All roots go through what?

Answer 30

Intervertebral foramina?

Question 31

Do roots merge?

Answer 31

Yes , they merge to form nerves.

Question 32

What are the types of connective tissue coverings of nerves?

Answer 32

Epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium.

Question 33

What is the epineurium?

Answer 33

Surrounds the entire nerve.

Question 34

What is the perineurium?

Answer 34

Surrounds bundles of 10 - 100 axons (known as fascicles).

Question 35

What is the endoneurium?

Answer 35

Surrounds each individual axon of each neuron.

Question 36

How are spinal nerves organized?

Answer 36

Rami, which are offshoots of a nerve once it exits the vertebra.

Question 37

What are the types of rami?

Answer 37

Dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, and ramus communicantes.

Question 38

What are rami communicantes?

Answer 38

Splitting in the ramus separating sensory and motor fibers.

Question 39

What are the types of rami communicantes?

Answer 39

White ramus communicantes and gray ramus communicantes.

Question 40

What are dermatomes?

Answer 40

Sensory innervation by specific spinal nerves.

Question 41

Characteristics of dermatomes?

Answer 41

Spinal cord damage will result in loss of sensation in dermatome and it is the detection method.

Question 42

What are nerve plexuses?

Answer 42

Braid of ventral rami.

Question 43

Where are nerve plexuses found?

Answer 43

Cervical, lumbar, sacral regions, and most thoracic nerves are all isolated.

Question 44

What is the cervical plexus?

Answer 44

C1 - C4 & part of C5.

Question 45

What does the cervical plexus innervate?

Answer 45

Certain muscles of neck and torso.

Question 46

Main nerve of cervical plexus?

Answer 46

Phrenic, C3, 4, & 5, goes to diaphragm.

Question 47

What is the brachial plexus?

Answer 47

C4 - C8 & T1.

Question 48

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

Answer 48

The chest, upper back, and arm.

Question 49

What are the nerves of the brachial plexus?

Answer 49

Musculocutaneous, ulnar nerve, median nerve, and radial nerve.

Question 50

Where does the musculocutaneous nerve go?

Answer 50

To anterior muscles of arms & skin of forearm.

Question 51

Where does the ulnar nerve go?

Answer 51

To muscles of forearm, hands & skin of hands.

Question 52

Where does the median nerve go?

Answer 52

To muscles of forearm, hands & skin of hands.

Question 53

Where does the radial nerve go?

Answer 53

To posterios muscles of arms & skin of forearms & hands.

Question 54

What is the lumbsacral plexus?

Answer 54

The last thoracic, lumbar, sacral & coccygeal nerves and may be split into lumbar and sacral plexuses?

Question 55

What does the lumbosacral plexus innervate?

Answer 55

The lower limb regions.

Question 56

What are the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus?

Answer 56

Obturator nerve, femoral nerve, and sciatic nerve.

Question 57

Where does the obturator nerve go?

Answer 57

To adductors of leg.

Question 58

Where does the femoral nerve go?

Answer 58

Motor impulses to leg & thigh & receive sensory from skin of leg & thigh.

Question 59

Where does sciatic nerve go?

Answer 59

To muscles & skin in thighs, legs & feet.

Question 60

Characteristics of reflexes?

Answer 60

Rapid automatic involuntary motor response to stimuli, help preserve homeostasis, occur at spinal cord, DO NOT require cerebral processing, and can be modified by cerebral control.

Question 61

How are reflexes classified?

Answer 61

By development, site of processing, nature of motor response, and complexity of neural circuit.

Question 62

Types of reflexes based on development?

Answer 62

Genetically (built in) and learned (acquired).

Question 63

Types of reflexes based on site of processing?

Answer 63

Spinal reflex (impulse goes to spinal cord) and cranial reflex (makes it to brain).

Question 64

Types of reflexes based on nature of motor response?

Answer 64

Somatics (skeletal movement) and Visceral or autonomic (involluntary movements).

Question 65

Types of reflexes based on complexity of neural circuit?

Answer 65

Monosynaptic = 1 and polysynaptic = > 1.

Question 66

What are the steps of a reflex arc (5)?

Answer 66

1. The receptor is stimulated by a detectible environmental stimulus. 2. The receptor stimulates a sensory neuron that sends a signal to the CNS for processing. 3. The information is processed by being transmitted to the appropriate neurons. 4. A motor neuron is stimulated and sends response to effector. 5. The effector responds to the stimulation.

Question 67

What is the stretch reflex?

Answer 67

A reflex stimulated by the stretching of a muscle.

Question 68

What are muscle spindle fobers?

Answer 68

Receptors that detects stretching.

Question 69

What is the effector of the stretch reflex?

Answer 69

The contraction of the muscle.

Question 70

What type of reflex is the patellar reflex?

Answer 70

Stretch reflex.

Question 71

What are the functions of the patellar reflex?

Answer 71

Prevent muscles from being overstrecthed and prevent one from falling forward.

Question 72

Are you having fun yet?!

Answer 72

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