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Anatomy > Nerve Physiology > Flashcards

Nerve Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 ways cells communicate?

A
  1. Gap junctions
  2. Contact- dependent signals
  3. Autocrine/Paracrine signals
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2
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

A cytoplasmic connection between adjacent cells

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3
Q

What is a contact-dependent signal?

A

A communication that reguires interaction between 2 membrane molecules on 2 cells

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4
Q

What is an autocrine signal?

A

A signal that acts on the same cell that created it

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5
Q

What is a paracrine signal?

A

Signals secreted by one cell and diffuses to adjacent ones

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6
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse along a small gap to the target cell

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7
Q

What are the 3 functional regions of a neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body
  3. Axon
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8
Q

What part of a neuron recieves the signal?

A

The dendrite

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9
Q

What part of a neuron sends the signal?

A

axon

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell body in a neuron?

A
  • Integrates signals from dendrites
  • Controls protein synthesis and cell metabolism
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11
Q

What is the axon hillock and its purpose?

A
  • start of axon
  • recieves signal from cell body
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12
Q

What is the role of the axon?

A
  • transmitts binary signals
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13
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released?

A

Parasynaptic terminals

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14
Q

What is the structure of a dendrite?

A
  • Excessive branching
  • Receptors on post-synaptic membrane
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15
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A
  • Recieve inputs from other nuerons
  • Transmit signals to cell body
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16
Q

What is a membrane potential?

A

potential formed between extra cellular and cytoplasmic sides of membrane.

17
Q

How do membranes move across a membrane potential?

A

Via a permeable membrane.

18
Q

Why may a particle not follow the concentration gradient?

A

There may be a concentration gradient but also a charge gradient. The latter cancels out the former

19
Q

What happens when a membrane potential in a neuron reaches a critical level?

A

A spike, or action potential, is generated.

20
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Time after a channel closes and membrane potential is overshot till a gate can reopen

21
Q

Why do neurons only propogate information in one direction?

A

Action potential can only transfer to neighbouring particles and the previous will be in their refractory period, causing the AP to move forward

22
Q

How do action potentials lead to the release of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. The AP depolarises the axon terminal
  2. This open the voltage-gated channel, allowing Ca to enter
  3. Ca triggers synaptic vesicle to empty its content (neurotransmitters)
  4. Neurotransmitters diffuse to post-synaptic cell
23
Q

What is a major difference between presynaptic and postsynaptic potentials?

A

Postsynaptive are not binary

24
Q

How are neuron firing rates related to blood vessel behaviour?

A

A faster firing rate = more AP which leads to more transmitters.

More transmitters will cause blood vessel to constrict

25
Q

What is the difference between a slowly adpating receptor and a rapidly adapting receptor?

A
  • Slowly: fire AP continuously while stimuli occuring
  • Fastly: only fire AP at onset/offset
26
Q

What is this?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

27
Q

What is the structure of a pacinian corpuscle?

A
  • one nerve surrounded by lamelle
28
Q

Why are pacinian corpuscles rapidly adapting?

A
  • Very sensitive, respond to small micro-level changes
  • Respond to high frequency vibration
  • Distort and ‘absorb’ force if stimulation sustained
29
Q

What type of neuronal network is this?

A

Divergent

30
Q

What type of neuronal network is this?

A

convergent

31
Q

Explain what is happening here

A
  • 3 presynaptic axons, each has insufficient graded potential
  • When they enter the trigger zone, the potentials sum and now it is a sufficient value
  • AP can now be generated
32
Q

What type of spatial summation interaction is this?

A

negative

Anatomy (25 decks)

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