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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Disorders of endocrine system and hormones

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2
Q

What is the difference between circulating and local hormones?

A

Circulatory hormones go through your blood stream

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3
Q

How do the nervous system and endocrine system differ?

in how they send signals

A

Endocrine uses hormones whilst nervous system uses neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Which is faster: the endocrine system or nervous?

A

Nervous

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5
Q

Which lasts longer: the endocrine system or nervous?

A

endocrine

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6
Q

How do the nervous and endocrine system work together?

A
  • Nervous ststem controls when endocrine should release or witheld hormones
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7
Q

What are the 5 ‘elements ‘ of the endocrine system?

A
  1. endocrine glands
  2. hormones
  3. target tissue/cells
  4. hormone receptors
  5. secondary messenger
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8
Q

What is the difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?

A

Exocrine: secrete products (not hormones) into ducts
Endocrine: secrete hormones

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9
Q

Name an example of an exocrine gland

A
  • Sweat
  • oil
  • muscous
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10
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete their hormones?

A

Into interstitial fluid

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11
Q

Name an example of an endocrine gland

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. throid
  3. parathyroid
  4. adrenal
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12
Q

Name a hormone the hypothalamus releases?

A
  • CRH
  • TRH
  • dopamine
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13
Q

Name a hormone the pituitary releases?

A
  • Growrth hormone
  • TSH FSH
  • Prolactin
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14
Q

Name a hormone the throid releases?

A
  • calcitonin
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15
Q

Name a hormone the parathyroid releases?

A
  • parathyroid hormone
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16
Q

Name a hormone the adrenal releases?

A
  • cortisol
  • epinephrine
  • norephinephrine
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17
Q

Name a hormone the pancreas releases?

A

insulin
glucagon

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18
Q

Name a hormone the ovaries releases?

A

estrogene
progesterone

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19
Q

Name a hormone the testes releases?

A

testosterone

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20
Q

What are the 4 functions of hormones and the endocrine system?

A
  1. Regulate homeostasis
  2. Growth and development
  3. Reproduction
  4. Circadian rhythm
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21
Q

What is an autocrine hormone?

A

One that acts on the same cell that secretes it

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22
Q

What is a paracrine hormone?

A

One that doesnt circulate

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23
Q

What is the difference between a lipid-soluble hormone and water-soluble?

A

Lipid-soluble must be bound to transport proteins to travel
water-soluble can circulate freely

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24
Q

Give an example of a response to a hormone

A
  • Synthesis of new molecules
  • transportation in and out of cell
  • contraction of muscle
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25
Q

What are synergistic hormones?

A

Hormones that work more effectively when a second hormone is present

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26
Q

What are antagonistic hormones?

A

Hormones that oppose the actions of others

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27
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones action?

A
  1. Diffuse through lipid-bilayer of membrane
  2. Binds to and activates receptor
  3. Gene expression occurs leading to protein expression
  4. New proteins alter cell’s activity
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28
Q

How do water-soluble hormones action?

A
  1. Bind to receptor on cell surface
  2. G protein activated
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29
Q
A
30
Q

What links together the nervous system and endocrine system?

A

Hypo thalamus

31
Q

How are the hypothalamus and pituitary gland connected?

A
  • Via the infundibulum
32
Q
A

hypothalamus

33
Q
A

pituitary gland

34
Q

Compare the size and hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland

A
  • anterior: 75% size, 7 hormones
  • posterior: 2 hormones from hypothalamus
35
Q

What is the function of the 2 hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A

they control the release/inhibitation of hormones via pituitary

36
Q

How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the pituitary gland?

A

Via the hypophyseal portal system

37
Q

What are the 7 hormones the anterior pituitary gland secretes?

A
  1. hGH - human growth
  2. TSH - throid
  3. FSH -follicle
  4. LH - luteinizing
  5. PRL - prolactin
  6. ACTH - adrenocorticotropic
  7. MSH - melanocyte
38
Q

Where does hGH target?

A

The liver

39
Q

Name an action controlled by hGH

A
  • Secrete insulin-like growth factors -> promote tissue growth
  • Enhance lipolysis -> decrease glucose uptake
40
Q

Where does TSH target?

A

The thyroid

41
Q

Name an action controlled by TSH

A
  • synthesis thyroid hormones
42
Q

Where does FSH target?

A

The ovaries or testes

43
Q

Name an action controlled by FSH

A
  • Induces estrogen release
  • Stimulates testes to produce sperm
44
Q

Where does LH target?

A

The ovaries and testes

45
Q

Name an action controlled by LH

A
  • Stimulate estrogen, progesterone, ovulation
  • Stimulates testes to produce testosterone
46
Q

Where does PRL target?

A

The mammary glands

47
Q

Name an action controlled by PRL

A
  • Promotes milk production
48
Q

Where does ACTH target?

A

The adrenal cortex

49
Q

Name an action controlled by ACTH

A
  • Cortisol production
50
Q

Where does MSH target?

A

The brain

51
Q

Name an action controlled by MSH

A
  • Skin darkening (guess)
52
Q

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract?

A
  • Path formed by neurosecretory cells

transfers OT and ADH from hypothalamus to pituitary

53
Q

What are the neurosecretory cells?

Cells secreted by posterior pituitary

A
  • Oxytocin
  • ADH
54
Q

What is the effect of oxytocin on a mother?

A
  • Enhances contractions
  • Stimulates milk ejection
55
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the thyroid?

A

Right and left lateral

56
Q

What connects the two lobes of the thyroid?

A
  • isthmus
57
Q

What structure makes up the thyroid gland?

A
  • Thyroid follicles (spherical sacs)
58
Q

What is the role of parafollicular cells in the thyroid?

A

Regulates calcium homeostasis + stores 100 day supply

59
Q

What is controlled by the thyroid gland?

A
  • metabolism
  • Body temp
  • Protein synthesis
  • ATP production
  • HGH and insulin for growth
60
Q

What are the 5 steps of the thyroid secretion negative feedback loop

A
  1. Low T3 T4 levels stimulates TRH release
  2. TRH goes to anterior pituitary stimulating TSH production
  3. TSH stimulated thyroid follicular cells
  4. thyroid releases T3 and T4 cells
  5. Elevated T3 levels inhibits TRH and TSH
61
Q

What are the 2 main ways a person can have an endocrine disorder?

A
  1. hypersecretion of hormones
  2. hyposecretion of hormones
62
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Both endocrine and exocrine

63
Q

What are acini?

A

Clusters of exocrine cells in the pancreas

64
Q

What do acini produce?

A

Digestive enzymes

that go to gastrointestinal tract

65
Q

What are pancreastic islets?

A

Clusters of endocrine tissue in the panceas
containing secretion cells

66
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in an islet?

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • delta
  • F
67
Q

What does an alpha cell secrete?

A

glucagon

68
Q

What does a beta cell secrete?

A

insulin

69
Q

What does a delta cell secrete?

A

somatostatin

70
Q

What does an f cell secrete?

A

pancreatic polypeptide

71
Q

What feedback loop affects pancreatic islets?

A

negative

Anatomy (29 decks)

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