Lower Limb Flashcards
What is this?
The pelvic girdle
Where does the pelvic girdle link to the lower limbs?
Hip joint
What bones make up the bony pelvis?
- hip bones
- sacrum
What joints make up the bony pelvis?
- pubic symphsis
- Sacroiliac joints
What part is this?
The hip bone
What 3 bones make up the hip bone?
- Ilium
- Pubis
- Ischium
What is the acetabulum?
The part of the hip bone where:
* three bone parts converge
* Theres a socket for femur head
What part of the hip bone is this?
What part of the hip bone is this?
What part of the hip bone is this?
What part of the hip bone is this?
What are the 2 ‘parts’ of the pelvis and what is the name for the point that seperates them?
- False
- True
Seperated by pelvic brim
which pelvis are the coloured regions?
What does the false pelvis contain?
- Lower abdomen
- Superior portion of bladder
- Lower intestines
- Uterus/ovaries/uterine tubes
What does the true pelvis contain?
- rectum
- bladder
- vagina & cervix
- male: prostate
What are the main ways male and female pelves differ?
- Male bones are larger and heavier
- Female is wider and shallower
- Larger pubic arch angle
What bone is at the thigh?
Femur
What is the bone at the knee cap?
Patella
What are the bones in the ‘leg’?
leg = knee to ankle
- tibia
- fibula
What bones are in the feet?
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
What are the 2 phases of the normal gait cycle?
Stance & swing
What happens in the lower limbs during the stance phase of gait cycle?
- Foot in contact with the floor
- body weight felt at hip joint
- gluteus muscles contract
What happens in the lower limbs during the swing phase of gait cycle?
- feet in air
- muscles prevent pelvis tilt to stop pelvic dropping
*
What is replaced for a partial hip replacement?
Femur
What is replaced for a total hip replacement?
acetabulum and femur head
What part of the patella does the femur connect to?
Posterior surface
Which leg bone is weight bearing?
Tibia
Where / how does the tibula attach to the patella?
Tibial tuberosity
How does the tibia connect to the foot?
Distal end atriculates with talus bone of ankle
What part is this?
The lateral malleolus
pointy bit of ankle
Which leg bone forms the medial malleolus?
Tibia
Which leg bone forms the lateral malleolus?
Fibula
How many joints are in the knee?
3
What are the 2 ligaments of the knee joint?
1x anterior cruciate (ACL)
1 x posterior cruciate (PCL)
What is the role of the ACL and PCL?
- Prevent dislocation of tibia on femur
What is the role of cruciate ligaments?
- connect femur and tibia
- allows ligaments to cross each other
What do collatoral ligaments do?
Keeps knee stable
small region on medial and lateral part of knee
What causes a swollen knee?
- escape of blood from damaged blood vessels
What is the ‘unhappy triad’?
Injury on lateral side of knee
What is replaced in a knee replacement?
- cartilage
- distal end of femur
- proximal end of tibia
- posterior of patella
metal and plastic materials
What movement is controlled via the posterior compartment of the thigh?
- Flexion of leg at knee
- Extension of thigh at hip
What movement is controlled via the medial compartment of the thigh?
- adduction of thigh at the hip
What movement is controlled via the anterior compartment of the thigh?
- Flexion of thigh at hip
- Extension of leg at knee
What is the tissue between the tibia and fibula?
- interosseous membrane
made of connective tissue
What is the role of the interosseous membrane?
- links tibia and fibula
- Increases surface area for muscle attachment
What joints are these?
Tibiofibular
What type of joint are tibiofibular joints?
Synovial
Plane type
What area is this?
Articular capsule
What is the role of the articular capsule in the proximal tibiofibular joint?
- houses hyaline cartilage
What is the purpose of the distal tibiofibular joints?
ankle stability
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Hinge-type, synovial
What is the purpose of the arching of the foot?
- Allow foot to support body weight
- Provide leverage while walking
- Distibute weight over foot
Explain what is going on here
- The fibula and tibia form a socket for the tabula to fit snugly into
- tabula is the ankle
What are the 4 compartments of the leg?
- Lateral
- Anterior
- Posterior deep
- Posterior superficial
What is the role of the extensor retinacula?
Prevent bow stringing in feet
What do the posterior superficial muscles do?
- plantarflexion of foot
What does the popliteus muscle do?
Posterior deep
Stabilises the knee
What does the tibialis posterior muscle do?
Posterior deep
plantarflexion
What does the flexor digitorum longus muscle do?
Posterior deep
- flexes lateral 4 digits
- Plantarflexion
What does the flexor hallucis longus muscle do?
Posterior deep
flexes big toe
What is this?
What is this?
What is this?
What do the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis do?
- evert foot at sole
- plantarflexion at ankle
What is this?
What is this?
What is this?
