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Anatomy > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up a long bone?

A
  • Diaphysis
  • 2 epiphysis
  • 2 metaphysis
  • articular cartilage
  • periosteum
  • medullary cavity
  • endosteum
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2
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A
  • bone shaft
  • centre of long bone
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3
Q

What is an epiphysis?

A
  • end of the long bone
  • connects to joints
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4
Q

What is a metaphysis?

A
  • part of long bone connecting diaphysis and epiphysis
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5
Q

What does articular cartilage do?

A
  • covers the epiphysis
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6
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

connective tissue covering the diaphysis

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7
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Hollow region within the diaphysis

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8
Q

What is the endosteum?

A
  • membrane lining medullary cavity
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9
Q

What is the bone tissue?

A
  • specialised connective tissue
  • highly vascular
  • constantly changing in response to forces applied
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10
Q

What is the structure of the ECM for bone tissue?

A
  • ECM surrounding widely separated cells
  • ECM made of water, organic, and inorganic mineralised materials
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11
Q

What is the function of organic and inorganic materials within bone tissue?

A

provide rigidity whilst retaining flexibility

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12
Q

What causes bone tissue to be mineralised?

A

Calcium salts

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A
  • Osteoprogenitor
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
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14
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Stem cells

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15
Q

What are osteoblast cells?

A

Bone-building cells that secrete ECM

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16
Q

What are osteocyte cells?

A

mature bone cells

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17
Q

What are osteoclast cells?

A

They remodel bones and release calcium

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of structures bones can have?

A
  • Compact (cortical)
  • Spongy (cancellous)
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19
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

A
  • Dense rigid outer shell of long bone
  • Concentric layers around vessels
  • Neurovascular chanells with interconnection
  • Bone cells are within cavities
  • Channels connect bone cells and blood
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20
Q

What is a lamellae?

A

Concentric layers of bone tissue

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21
Q

What are haversian canals?

A

Nerovascular channels in bone tissue

22
Q

What are Volkmanns canals?

A

Connect haversian canals

23
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Bone cells within cavities

24
Q

What is the structure of spongy bone?

A
  • thin interconnecting bone trabeculae
  • lightweight and aligned
  • provides structural and tissue support
  • Space for red bone marrow and hemopoiesis
25
Q

What does trabeculae mean?

A

Honeycomb

26
Q

What occurs at hemopoiesis?

A

RBC production

27
Q

What are the 5 shapes we classify bone via?

A
  1. Long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
  5. sesamoid
28
Q

How is blood supplied to bones?

A
  • periosteal arteries (+veins) enter volkmanns canals
29
Q

How are nutrients supplied to bones?

A
  • entre centre of diaphysis through nutrient foramen
30
Q

What is ossification?

A

bone formation

31
Q

What are the 2 methods of ossification?

A
  1. Intemembranous
  2. Endochondral
32
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Skull bone formation

33
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Long bone formation

34
Q

What are the 4 situations where bone ossification occurs?

A
  1. Embyological and fetal development
  2. Growth before adulthood
  3. Remodelling
  4. Healing fractures
35
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

A
  • Within embryonic tissue
36
Q

What are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Ossification centre forms: osteoblast excrete ECM
  2. Calcification: salts deposited, matrix hardens, osteocytes in lacuna
  3. Trabeculae form: ECM develops into trabeculae, which become spongy bone
  4. Periosteum forms
37
Q

What are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Chloroplasts form cartilage model
  2. Chondrocytes undergo cell division, growing cartilage model
  3. Primary ossification centre forms, cartilage replaced by bone
  4. Medullary cavity forms via osteoclasts breaking down bone
  5. Secondary ossification centre forms in epiphysis
  6. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate form
38
Q

How do bones become longer?

A

Bone material added on diaphyseal side of epiphyseal growth plate via interstitial growth

39
Q

What happens to the epiphyseal plates during growth?

A

They undergo endochondral ossification

40
Q

When does bone stop growing?

A

When the epiphysis closes

41
Q

How do bones become thicker?

A

appositional growth

42
Q

How does appositional growth occur?

A
  • perosteal ridges close around periosteal blood vessels
  • endosteum form
  • osteoblasts head towards endosteum, forming concentric circle
43
Q

What happens to the medullary cavity during appositional growth?

A
  • Osteoclasts destroy bone on inner surface, widening medullary cavity
44
Q

What are the 3 stages of healing for a fractured bone?

A
  1. Reactive: inflamation and bleeding
  2. Reparative: first a soft callus, then becomes bony callus
  3. Remodelling: bony callus reshaped
45
Q

What is an open fracture?

A

Broken end sticks out of the skin

46
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

splintered at impact site
fragments scattered

47
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Occur in kids: not fully ossified
One side broken, one side bent

48
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

One end of fractured bone forced into another

49
Q

What is a pott fracture?

A

Ocurs at lateral end of fibia

50
Q

What is a colles fracture?

A

Occurs at lateral end of radius

51
Q

Name 4 common fractures

A
  1. open
  2. closed
  3. comminuted
  4. greenstick
  5. impacted
  6. pott
  7. colles
52
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A
  • Epiphyseal plate closes before normal bone length is reached
  • Short limbs, unaffected trunk and membranous bones

Anatomy (25 decks)

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