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Med > NCMB 418 (CU 11 PART 1 and 2) > Flashcards

NCMB 418 (CU 11 PART 1 and 2) Flashcards

1
Q

pressure ≥20 mmHg

A

Increased Intracranial pressure

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2
Q

A dynamic scare that reflects the pressure of cerebrospinal (CSF) within the skull

A

Increased Intracranial pressure

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3
Q

The ability of the brain to tolerate increases in intracranial volume without adversely increasing
ICP (Monro-Kellie Hypothesis)

A

Intracranial compliance

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4
Q

The ability of the brain to tolerate and compensate for an increase in intracranial volume through
distention or displacement

A

Intracranial elastance

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5
Q

a pressure gradient across the brain and is the difference between the arterial blood
entering and the return of venous blood exiting the neurovascular system.

A

CPP

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6
Q

formula for CPP

A

MAP – ICP

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7
Q

formula for MAP

A

systolic BP + 2x diastolic BP / 3

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8
Q

Purposes of ICP and CPP Monitoring:

A
  • To diagnose increased ICP
  • Enable interventions
  • Provide a tool for predicting the level of injury and patient outcome.
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9
Q

Head injury is injury to the scalp, skull, or brain

A

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

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10
Q
  • initial damage to the brain that results from the traumatic event.
  • may include contusions,
    lacerations, torn blood
    vessels from impact, acceleration/
    deceleration, or foreign
    object penetration
A

Primary injury

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11
Q

evolves over the ensuing hours and days after the initial injury and is due primarily to brain swelling or ongoing bleeding

A

Secondary injury

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12
Q

most important consideration in any head injury

A

Brain Injury

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13
Q

If the frontal lobe is affected =
If temporal lobe is affected =

A

= bizarre irrational behavior
= temporary amnesia or disorientation

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14
Q
  • Temporary loss of neurologic function with no apparent structural damage
  • Generally involves a period of unconsciousness lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes.
A

Concussion

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15
Q

A more severe injury; brain is bruised with possible surface hemorrhage

A

Contusion

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16
Q

Vital signs: BP & temperature – subnormal (somewhat similar to that of shock

A

Contusion

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17
Q

Hematomas (collections of blood) that develop within the cranial vault

A

Intracranial Hemorrhage

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18
Q

blood collecting in the epidural (extradural) space between the skull and the dura

A

Epidural Hematoma

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19
Q

collection of blood between the dura and the brain (space is normally
occupied by a thin cushion of fluid)

A

Subdural Hematoma

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20
Q

Increased ICP MGT:

A
  • Maintain adequate oxygenation, elevate the head of the bed, maintain normal blood volume
  • Devices to monitor ICP or drain CSF
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21
Q

a sudden, abnormal, excessive discharge of electrical activity within the brain that disrupts
the brain’s usual system for nerve conduction

A

Seizure

22
Q

definitive test to diagnose seizure activity

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

23
Q

scan of choice for a diagnostic evaluation of certain types of CNS disorders

A

SPECT scan

23
Q

a seizure that lasts
longer than 5 minutes, or more than 1 seizure within a 5-minute period, without returning to normal
level of consciousness between episodes

A

Status Epilepticus

24
Q

medication for status epilepticus

A
  1. Lorazepam (Ativan) – induces respiratory depression
  2. Flumazenil (Romazicon) – decrease respiratory depression
  3. Phenytoin via central venous line
  4. Phenobarbital (Luminal)
24
Q

causes of status epilepticus

A

stroke
low blood glucose levels
excessive alcohol
withdrawal symptoms

25
Q

is the first line and initial treatment for bacterial meningitis

A

Rifampin (Rifadin)

26
Q

– an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

A

Meningitis

26
Q

vaccine for meningitis

A
  • hib
  • mcv4
27
Q

Damage to any part of the
spinal cord or nerves at
the end of the spinal
canal

A

SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI)

28
Q

Emergency signs and symptoms

A
  1. impaired breathing
  2. twisted neck/back
  3. extreme back pain
  4. weakness
  5. numbness
  6. loss of bladder control
  7. diff. with balance
29
Q

The brain cannot store oxygen or glucose and
therefore requires a constant flow of blood to
supply these nutrients.

A

ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE

30
Q

Accounts for approximately
85% of all strokes

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

31
Q
  • refers to the occlusion of a cerebral vessel
  • blood clot, infectious particles, fat, air, or tumor
    fragments
A

Embolism

32
Q

Causes of Ischemic Attack

A

Embolism and Thrombus

33
Q

most common cause of ischemic stroke

A

atherosclerosis

34
Q

develop during periods of sleep or inactivity

A

Thrombotic strokes

35
Q

result in smaller areas of
neuronal cell death)

A

Lacunar infarct

36
Q
  • an area of tissue surrounding the core
    ischemic area.
  • receives some blood flow from adjacent
    vessels but perfusion is marginal
  • If CBF is improved, this may
    recover.
A

Penumbra

37
Q
  • an excellent tool for detecting intracranial bleeding
  • evidence of ischemia may not appear or may be very subtle on standard
    CT scanning until 12 to 24 hours after symptom onset
A

Non-contrast head CT scan

38
Q

can detect areas of ischemia before they are apparent on CT

A

Specialized MRI scans

39
Q

detects areas of vascular
abnormality

A

MRA

40
Q

goals of treatment for acute ischemic stroke

A
  • restore circulation to the brain
  • stop the ongoing ischemic process
  • prevent secondary complications
41
Q

may cause stroke-like symptoms

A

hypoglycemia

42
Q

Administered in an attempt to restore perfusion to the affected area

A

Fibrinolytic Therapy

43
Q

Vital signs and neurologic checks

A

every 15 minutes for the first2 hours, then every 30 minutes for 6 hours, and then hourly until 24 hours following initial treatment

44
Q

gcs: eye opening

A

4 - spontaneous
3 - to sound
2 - to pressure
1 - none

45
Q

gcs: verbal response

A

5 - oriented
4 - confused
3 - words
2 - sounds
1 - none

46
Q

gcs: motor response

A

6 - obey commands
5 - localising
4 - normal flexion
3 - abnormal flexion
2 - extension
1 - none

47
Q

14-15:
11-13:
9-10:
7-8:
5-6:
3-4:

A

14-15: ALERT
11-13: Drowsy
9-10: Very drowsy
7-8: Stupor
5-6: Coma
3-4: Deep Coma

Med (37 decks)

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