FINALS - NCMB 312 (Com. Disease & Immunization) Flashcards
An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent directly or indirectly to well person
Communicable Disease
spread by direct contact w/ infectious agents causing the disease and easily transmitted from 1 person to another through direct or indirect means
Contagious disease
disease not only by ordinary contact but requires direct inoculation of organism through a break on the skin or mucous membrane
Infectious disease
is intermittent occurrence of few isolated unrelated cases in given locality disease occurs occasionally irregularly, no specific pattern
Sporadic disease
continuous occur throughout a period of time, of usual number of cases in a given locality, constantly present in population, community or country
Endemic disease
occurrence is of unusually large number of cases in a relatively short period of time
Epidemic disease
an epidemic disease that occur worldwide, simultaneous occurrence of epidemic of same disease in several countries
Pandemic disease
develops rapidly (rapid onset) but lasts only a short time
Acute disease
which develops more slowly but lasts for a long period
Chronic disease
which is the intermediate between acute and chronic, develops rapidly and has long duration with the examples of bacterial endocarditis
Sub-acute disease
with causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease, an infection held in check by the defensive forces of the body but activated when the body resistance is reduced
Latent disease
is the reappearance of symptoms after infectious disease has been treated or subsided and renewed presence of same infectious agent.
Recurrent infection
which after an initial infectious agent has been eliminated, a new infection occurs caused by the same organism or by another strain of same species
Re-infection
happens during period of the illness,
additional infection occurs by another infectious agent.
Super-infection
in which the infected person is his own direct source of reexposure.
Autoinfection
extends from entry of microorganism to body to onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms
Incubation period
extends from the onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to the appearance of specific signs
and symptoms which are the cardinal or the pathognomonic signs
Prodromal period
which the host experiences maximum impact of infectious process and specific signs and
symptoms develop and become evident.
Illness period
is a recovery period as
manifestations subside and signs and symptoms start to abate until the client returns to normal state of health.
Convalescent period
“Law on Reporting of
Communicable Diseases”
- to protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them
RA No. 11332
form of viruses, bacteria, fungus, parasite and protozoa
Infectious agent
its ability to produce disease
pathogenicity
its severity or harmfulness
degree of virulence
its tendency to spread.
invasiveness
is the principal habitat in which a pathogen lives, flourishes and is able to multiply
Reservoir
someone is infected and is displaying signs and symptoms of the disease
Acute clinical cases
someone has been colonized with an infectious agent but is not unwell.
Carriers
people who are infectious even
before their own symptoms start
Incubatory carriers
in which an individual is able to
transmit an infection to others, without ever developing the infection themselves
Inapparent carriers
people who are in the
recovery phase of their illness but who continue to be infectious
Convalescent carriers
anyone who has recovered but who
continues to be a carrier for infection
Chronic carriers
enables a pathogen to leave the reservoir or host
Portal of exit
how an infectious agent can be transferred from one person, object, or animal, to another
Mode of transmission
direct contact with the infectious agent
direct transmission
through animate mechanisms such as
fleas, ticks, flies or mosquitoes or via inanimate
mechanisms such as food, water, biological
products or surgical instruments
Indirect transmission
which an infection is able to enter a susceptible
host inhalation
Portal of entry
final and the most important link in the chain of
infection
Susceptible host
The causative agent of a disease so modified as to be
incapable of producing the disease yet at the same time
so little changed that it is able, when introduced into the body, to elicit production of specific antibodies against
the disease
Vaccines
study of living
organisms
Immunology
the body’s specific protective response to an
invading foreign agent or organism
Immunity
process by which vaccines are introduced into the
body before the infection sets in
Immunization
is the reverse of immunity and the result of the
suppression of factors that produces immunity
Susceptibility
are antibodies defends against foreign invaders and the type of defense they will be using depends on the
structure
Immunoglobulin
refer to the foreign substances which elicit an immune response.
Antigens
three (3) functions of immune response
homeostasis
defense
surveillance
is a specific immunity develops after birth;
acquired during life but not present at birth and occurs after exposure to an antigen like infectious agent
Acquired Immunity
which the host produces its own antibodies in response
to natural antigen and these antibodies produced by
himself with long term effectivity
Active immunity
are antibodies that are produced by another source,
animal or human given to the individual with long term
effectivity and has immediate protection
Passive immunity
is an immunity from a recovery of a disease has lifetime protection and antibodies are formed
in the presence of active infection in the body.
Active natural immunity
is coming from antigens like toxoids or vaccines that can be live
attenuated or inactivated vaccines
Active artificial immunity
coming from a transplacental transfer of antibodies
Passive natural immunity
coming from Immune serum (antibody) from an animal or
another human is injected
Passive artificial immunity
other term for b cells
Antibody-Mediated Defenses
Humoral (Circulating Immunity)
other term for t cells
Cell-Mediated Defenses
Cellular Immunity,
detects the infection and initiates T-cell and B-cell responses.
Helper T-cells
is a is a T lymphocyte that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected particularly with
viruses.
cytotoxic T cell
is a type of immune cell that blocks the actions
of some other types of lymphocytes, to keep the immune system
from becoming overactive
Suppressor T cell
first proliferated to fight the infection and the memory cells mainly
located in the lymphoid organs and spleen.
Memory T cells
is a viricidal protein which is capable of activating other components of the immune system
Interferon
most abundant immunoglobulin in serum (about 80% of the total serum immunoglobulin)
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
major roles in bloodborne and tissue infections and
enhances phagocytosis; crosses placenta during gestation
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
is the chief Ig in external secretions like breastmilk, saliva, tears,
and mucus of the bronchial, genitourinary and digestive tracts; plays a major role in secretory immune response;
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
is the second most abundant antibody; the largest of the immunoglobulin and
appears mostly in the intravascular serum
it is the first antibody noted
after antigen injection in an adult
first Ig class produced in primary response to bacterial and viral
infections
first Ig to be synthesized by the neonate; and the first antibody to go on the site.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
triggers the release of histamine; mediates the immediate hypersensitivity reactions that are responsible for the symptoms of hay fever, asthma and anaphylactic shock
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
is a regulatory antibody; an antigen receptor of B cells;
appears in small amount in serum with it biologic function is unknown
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
Launched in July 1976 by DOH in cooperation with the
World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF to ensure
that infants/children and mothers have access to
routinely recommended infant/childhood vaccines
Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)
“Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011
RA No. 10152
designated immunization day in all parts of
the country
Wednesday
NIP
National Immunization Program
Vaccines given at birth
BCG
HBV
Vaccines given at 6 weeks
DTwP
HIB
HEPB
IPV/OPV
PCV
ROTAVIRUS VACCINE
Vaccines given at 6 months
Influenza vaccine
Vaccines given at 9 months
Japanese vaccine
Measles vaccine (MCV1)
Vaccines given at 12 months
MMR
VARICELLA VACCINE
HEPA A VACCINE
Vaccines given at 9 yrs old
HPV
Vaccine given PO
OPV
ROTAVIRUS VACCINE
Vaccine given SC
Influenza Vacc (IM/SC)
MCV 1 - MV
MCV 2 - MMR
JEV
Varicella Virus
vaccine most sensitive to heat
OPV
MEASLES
Vaccine most sensitive to cold
HEPA B
DPT
TT
Vaccine most sensitive to sunlight and fluorescent light
BCG
