EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE NURSE Flashcards
Any element, substance or force, either animate
or inanimate which may serve as stimulus to initiate a
disease process
Agents
It is a set of standard criteria for
classifying whether a person has a particular disease,
syndrome, or other health condition
Case Definition
The study of the occurrence and
distribution of health condition such as disease, death,
deformities on human population
Epidemiology
Sum total of all external conditions and
influence that affect the life and development of an
organism.
Environment
The probability of a group or community
developing an epidemic upon introduction of infectious
agent
Herd Immunity
is the actual or potential recipient or victim of the
disease.
Host
Probability of unfavorable event, disease, disability,
defects or even death
Risk
“epi”
upon
“demos”
people
“Logos”
study
is the study of occurrence and distribution of health
circumstances such as disease, death, deformities on
people.
Epidemiology
Who said “Disease is associated with climate & physical
environment”
Hippocrates
Investigation of Cholera epidemic in 1854
John Snow
described pattern of mortality pattern in subgroups
such as occupational group, prisoners & other age group. Use of census & vital registration of data
William Farr
identified the risk factors for coronary heart disease
Framingham Heart Study
Provided compelling evidence of the role of smoking
in the incidence of lung cancer
Richard Doll and Bradford Hill
Developed and introduced in 1955 the Salk Vaccine.
field trial showed protective effect of the vaccine
against paracytic poliomyelitis.
Jonas Salk
Comprises of surveillance, observation,
hypothesis testing, analytic research then
experiments
Study
Denotes to an analysis by time, places
and classes of people affected
Distribution
Contain all the biological, chemical,
physical, social, cultural, economic,
generic and behavioral factors that
influence health
Determinants
Denote to disease cause of
death, behaviors such as the use of
tobacco, positive health states, reactions
to preventive regimens and provision and
use of health services
Health
related
states or
events
Comprise those with identifiable
characteristics such as occupational
groups
Specified
populations
The aim of public-health is to promote,
protect, and restore good health
Application
to prevention
and control
- Susceptibility stage
- Disease not started yet
- There are factors that
favor disease
occurrence.
Pre-pathogenesis
Stage
Disease has already
developed
Pathogenesis
Stage
health promotion and addressing risk factors, social, and genetic factors
primary prevention
screening of at risk individual, control of risk factors and early intervention
secondary prevention
rehabilitation, preventing complications and improving quality of life
tertiary prevention
The Wheel Model of Disease Causation
This gives emphasis on the role of genetic makeup of
the host
Inner core of Wheel
The Wheel Model of Disease Causation
Composed of the following: Host Characteristics – ex.
Sex, age, socioeconomic status and behaviors
Outer Core of the Hub
The Wheel Model of Disease Causation
Represents the biologic, physical & chemical
environments
The Rim or the Outer Edge
shows complex interrelatedness of risk
factors using the following: One Headed Arrow signifying
the ancestors, Antecedent Factors at the tail of the arrow
& Intermediate factors at the head of the arrow
The Web Model of Disease Causation
The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host,
and an environment that brings the host and agent
together.
The ecological triad
In this model, disease results from the interaction
between the agent and the susceptible host in an
environment that supports transmission of the agent from
a source to that host
The ecological triad
Also known as epidemiologic triad or triangle model views
the occurrence of disease as the balance of host, agent,
and environment factors
Epidemiological Triangle
