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Navigation Flashcards

1
Q

What does navigation method used depend on?

A

The navigation method used depends on where the pilot is going, how long the flight will take, when the flight is to take off, the type of aircraft ebing flown, the on-board navigation equipment, the ratings and currency of the pilot and especially the expeted weather.

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2
Q

What are four kinds of navigation methods?

A

Pilotage, Dead Reckoning, Radio Navigation, Celestial Navigation

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3
Q

What is pilotage?

A

Directing an aircraft with respect to visible landmarks

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4
Q

What is radio navigation?

A

Radio navigation provides the pilot with position information from ground locations worldwide.

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5
Q

What is the magnetic compass?

A

The magnetic compass is the primary navigation instrument. The compass indicates the direction in which an aircraft is flying with respect to the magnetic north pole.

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6
Q

When does magnetic compass not give accurate reading?

A

The magnetic compass is very sensitive in flight and often does not give an accurate reading during turns, turbulence, change of attitude of the aircraft, and acceleration.

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7
Q

What is a time check?

A

A time check is the correct time to the nearest half minute.

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8
Q

What is an altimeter?

A

The altimeter is an aneroid barometer, registering atmospheric pressure on a scale calibrated in terms of altitude instead of inches of mercury.

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9
Q

What is the indicated altitude?

A

Indicated altitude is the atitude shown on the face of the instrument when set for the altimeter setting existing at the time and place of flight. This will be the altitude above mean sea level.

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10
Q

When is indicated altitude used?

A

Indicated altitude is used in making an instrument approach.

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11
Q

What is pressure altitude? Where is it used?

A

Pressure altitude is the altitude indicated with the barometric scale set to the standard sea level pressure of 29.92 inches. It is used on the various air navigation computers in determining the true air speed, and in determining the true altitude.

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12
Q

What is true altitude?

A

True altitude is the pressure altitude corrected for temperature. It is used to insure safe clearance of high mountains, and for any other purpose in which knowledge of the true altitude is important.

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13
Q

Aeronautical chart

A

A small scale representation of the earth, its features, and the various aeronautical aids, designed with special consideration for the needs of air navigation.

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14
Q

Azimuth

A

Angular measurement in degress, clockwise, from 0 to 360. Azimuth may be true, magnetic, or relative depending on the basis of the reference line.

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15
Q

Dead Reckoning

A

The determination of the distance and direction between two known points, or the determination of position from a knowledge of the distance and direction from a known point.

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16
Q

Deviation

A

The error of a magnetic compass due to magnetic influences in the structure and equipment of an aircraft.

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17
Q

Distance

A

Statute mile: The ordinary unit of 5,280 feet
Nautical Mile: The ordinary unit of 6,080 feet (One minute of a great circle arc)

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18
Q

Equator

A

An imaginary line on the earth’s surface equidistance between the true north/south poles of the earth, dividing the earth into two equal halves, the northern and southern hemispheres.

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19
Q

Heading

A

The direction of an aircraft; an angle measured in the horizontal plane and expressed in degrees relative to a reference line such as True North(True Heading) or magnetic north(Magnetic Heading.

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20
Q

Knot

A

A velocity of one nautical mile per hour.

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21
Q

Latitude

A

Distance North or south of the equator, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds of arc.

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22
Q

Longitude

A

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds of an arc.

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23
Q

Prime meridian

A

An imaginary line passing through Greenwich England is assumed as the “zero line” or “prime meridian”, dividing the earth into two equal halves, the eastern and western hemispheres.

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24
Q

What does the effectiveness of a VOR depend on?

A

The effectiveness of the VOR depends upon proper use and adjustment of both ground and airborne equipment.
Accuracy. The accuracy of course alignment of the VOR is excellent, being generally plus or minus 1 degree.
Roughness. On some VORs, minor course roughness may be observed, evidenced by course needle or brief flag alarm activity. (some receivers are more susceptible to these irregularities than others.

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25
Q

What is TACAN?

A

TACAN is a pulse system and operates in the Ultrahigh Frequency (UHF) band of frequencies. Its use requires TACAN airborne equipment and does not operate through conventional VOR equipment.

26
Q

What is the operating frequency of DME?

A

Operating frequency of DME accourding to ICAO annex 10 is from 960Mhz to 121.5Mhz.

27
Q

What does a localizer do?

A

Signals provide the pilot with course guidance to the runway center line.

28
Q

Where localizer transmitted at?

A

The localizer signal is transmitted at the far end of the runway.

29
Q

What is the term “glide path”?

A

The term “glide path” means that portion of the glide slope that intersects the localizer.

30
Q

What happens to ILS approach when localizer fails?

A

When the localizer fails, an ILS approach is not authorized.

31
Q

What happens when the glide slope fails?

A

When the glide slope fails, the ILS reverts to a non-precision localizer approach.

32
Q

What is ILS designed to provide?

A

The ILS is designed to provide an approach path for exact alignment and descent of an aircraft on final approach to a runway.

33
Q

The parts of ILS?

A

The system may be divided functionally into three parts:
a) Guidance Information: localizer, glide slope:
b) Range Information: marker beacon, DME, and
c) Visual Information: approach lights, touchdown and centerline lights, runway lights

34
Q

What does VOR MON ensure in terms of distance?

A

The VOR MON will ensure that regardless of an aircrafts position in the contiguous United States (CONUS), a MON airport (equipped with legacy ILS or VOR approaches) will be withing 100 nautical miles.

35
Q

What shall a VOR MON retain?

A

A VOR MON will retain sufficient VORs and increase VOR service volume to ensure that pilots will have nearly contiguous signal reception of a VOR when flying at 5,000ft AGL.

36
Q

Frequency range of NDB?

A

These facilities normally operate in a frequency band of 190 to 535 kilohertz, according to ICAO annex 10 the frequency range for NDBs is between 190 and 1750Khz

37
Q

What does an error is setting the altimeter result in?

A

An error in setting the altimeter will result in incorrect reading of altitude - about 100ft of altitude for .1” (one tenth inch) setting error.

38
Q

What are the types of speed?

A

Indicated airspeed,
True airspeed,
Ground speed
Mach Number

39
Q

What must the nautical mile be used for?

A

The nautical mile must be used for all mileages in instrument flight rules (IFR) planning and operations. It is also used in conjunction with Federal Airways and is used for aircraft seperation rules.

40
Q

What is statue mile used in conjunction with?

A

The Statute mile (SM) is always used in conjunction with visibility. It is also used with class D airspace, airport traffic areas, and Special Use Airspac

41
Q

What is Indicated airspeed?

A

-Shown on the aircraft’s airspeed indicator.
-Used in pilot/controller communications.

42
Q

What is true airspeed?

A

-Relative to undisturbed air mass
-Used in: flight planning, en route portion of flight
-If used in pilot/controller communications, referred to as “true airspeed.” It is not shortened to airspeed.

43
Q

What is ground speed?

A

The speed of an aircraft relative to the surface of the earth is true airspeed corrected for the effects of the wind.

44
Q

What is mach number?

A

Ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound.

45
Q

What does the minimum amount of fuel required need to be able to do?

A

The minimum amount of fuel required needs to be able to fuel the following:
-the aircraft from its departure airport to its destination airport including
-being able to carry out an approach and go-aroiund and
-flying to an alternate airport nearby (in case there is weather impediments at the scheduled destination airport)
- plus the ability to fly a 30-minute, holding pattern above the alternate airport
- land and taxi to the gate

46
Q

What are the dimensions of the glide slope?

A

The glide slope is usually 3 degrees wide with a height of 1.4 degrees.

47
Q

Dead Reckoning Navigation

A

The estimating or determining of position by advancing an earlier known position by the application of direction, time and speed data.

48
Q

Wind correction angle

A

The angle at which the aircraft must be headed into the wind in order to make good the desired track.

49
Q

Wind correction angle

A

The angle at which the aircraft must be headed into the wind in order to make good the desired track.

50
Q

At what distances may DME signals be received?

A

Reliable signals may be received at distances up to 199NM at line-of-sight altitude with an accuracy of better than 1/2 mile or 3 percent of the distance, whichever is greater.

51
Q

How is distance information received from a DME?

A

Distance information received from a DME equipment is slant range distance and not actual horizontal distance.

52
Q

What information do GPS receivers provide?

A

GPS receivers provide all needed navigational information including:
1) Bearing
2) Range
3) Track
4) Ground speed
5) Estimated time en route
6) Cross track error
7) Desired track
8) Winds and drift angle

53
Q

Main factors taking into account when plot chart?

A

Distance, height, speed, terrain

54
Q

What does a pilot need to navigate?

A

Starting point (point of departure)
Ending point (Final Destination)
Direction of travel
Distance to travel
Aircraft speed
Aircraft fuel capacity
Aircraft weight and balance information

55
Q

What is a STAR? Standard terminal arrival

A

A star is an ATC coded IFR arrival route established for application to arriving IFR aircraft destined for certain airports.

56
Q

What is RNAV?

A

RNAV is a methor of navigation that permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground - or space - based navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self contained aids, or a combination of these.

57
Q

Advantages of RNAV?

A

There are several potential advantages of RNAV routes and procedures:
A) time and fuel savings;
B) reduced dependable on radar vectoring, altitude and speed assignments allowing a reduction in required ATC radio transmissions; and
C) more efficient use of airspace

58
Q

What is a VORTAC?

A

A VORTAC is a facility consisting of two components, VOR and tacan which provides three individual services: VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth and Tacan distance (DME) at one site.

59
Q

What is navigation?

A

Navigation is the art and science of getting from point “A” to point “B” in the least possible time without losing your way.

60
Q

Localizer critical area

A

Except for aircraft that land, exit a runway, depart, or execute a missed approach, vehicles and aircraft are not authorized in or over the critical area when arriving aircraft is inside the outer marker or the fixed used in lieu of the OM.

61
Q

What are special use area?

A

Special use airspace consist of that airspace wherein activities must be confined because of their nature or wherein limitations are imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities, or both.

62
Q

Where glide slope transmitter to be located?

A

The glide slope transmitter is located between 750ft and 1250ft from the approach end of the runway (down the runway) and offset 250ft to 650ft from the runway center line.

ANS (53 decks)

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