Aerodrome

Question 1

Where shall PAPI systems be lcoated?

Answer 1

The system shall be located on the left side of the runway unless it is physically impracticable to do so.

Question 2

What shall PAPI system consist of?

Answer 2

The PAPI system shall consist of a wing bar of four sharp transition multi-lamp (or paired single lamp) units equally spaced.

Question 3

List five (5) conditions that shall be reported that affect the operational
significance of aircraft and aerodrome on the movement area

Answer 3

a. Construction or Maintenance Work
b. Rough or broken surfaces on a runway, taxiway or an apron;
c. Snow, slush or ice on a runway, taxiway or an apron
d. water on a runway, a taxiway or an apron;
e. Snow banks or drifts adjacent to a runway, taxiway or an apron;

Question 4

State the rule for an Aerodrome beacon identification and why it shall be provided?

Answer 4

The aerodrome beacon shall be located on or adjacent to the aerodrome in an area of low ambient background lighting.
It shall be provided for intended use at night if aircraft navigate predominantly by visual means; reduced visibilities are frequent or it is difficult to locate the aerodrom from the air due to surrounding lights or terrain.

Question 5

What is rule pertaining to establishment of an aerodrome reference point? Where shall it be located and how shall it be measured?

Answer 5

An aerodrome reference point shall be established for an aerodrome.
The aerodrome reference point shall be located near the initial or planned geometric cenre of the aerodrome and shall normally remain where first established.
The position of the aerodrome reference point shall be measured and reported to the aeronautical information services authority in degreees, minutes and seconds.

Question 6

How shall an aerodrome reference temperature be determined?

Answer 6

An aerodrome reference temperature shall be determined for an aerodrome in degrees Celcius.

Question 7

What is the recommendation for description when water is present on a runway?

Answer 7

Whenever water is present on a runway, a description of the runway surface condition on the center half of the width of the runway, including the possible assessment of water depth, where applicable, should be made available using the following terms:
DAMP - the surface shows a change in color due to moisture
WET - the surface is soaked but there is no standing water
WATER PATCHES - significant patches of standing water are visible
FLOODED - extensive standning water is visible

Question 8

What is rule pertaining to changes in level of protection normally available at an aerodrome?

Answer 8

Changes in the level of protection normally available at an aerodrome for rescue and fire fighhting shall be notified to the appropriate air traffic services units and aeronautical information services units to enable those units to provide the necessary information to arriving and departing aircraft. When such a change has been corrected, the above units shall be advised accordingly.

Question 9

Where should a threshold normally be located?

Answer 9

A threshold should normally be located at the extremity of a runway unless operational considerations justify the choice of another location.

Question 10

Where should a displaced threshold be located?

Answer 10

When it is necessary to displace a threshold, either permanently or temporarily, from its normal location, account should be taken of the various factors which may have a bearing on the location of the threshold. Where this displacement is due to an unservicable runway condition, a cleared and graded area of at least 60m in length should be available between the unserviceable area and the displaced threshold. Additional distance should also be provided to meet the requirements of the runway end safety area as appropriate.

Question 11

How should the actual runway length to be provided for a primary runway be adequate for?

Answer 11

Except as provided, the actual runway length to be provided for a primary runway should be adequate to meet the operational requirements of aeroplanes for which the runway is intended and should not be less than the longest length determined by applying the corrections for local conditions to the operations and performance characteristics of the relevant aeroplanes.

Question 12

What is recommendation for strength of runway?

Answer 12

A runway should be capable of withstanding the traffic of aeroplanes the runway is intended to serve.

Question 13

How shall the surface of a runway be constructed?

Answer 13

The surface of a runway shall be constructed without irregularities that would result in loss in friction characteristics or otherwise adversely affect the takeoff or landing of an aeroplane.

Question 14

What shall the surface of a paved runway be constructed to provide?

Answer 14

The surface of a paved runway shall be so constructed as to provide good friction characteristics when the runway is wet.

Question 15

What is the recommendation for when the surface of a runway is grooved or scored?

Answer 15

When the surface is grooved or scored, the grooves or scorings should be either perpendicular to the runway center line or parrallel to non perpendicular transverse joints, where applicable.

Question 16

On which category of runway should runway shoulders be provided?

Answer 16

Runway shoulders should be provided for a runway where the code letter is D or E, and the runway width is less than 60m.

Question 17

How should a runway shoulder be constructed?(strength)

Answer 17

A runway shoulder should be prepared or constructed so as to be capable, in the event of an aeroplane running off the runway, of supporting the aeroplane eunning off the runway, of supporting the aeroplane without inducing structural damage to the airplane and of supporting ground vehicles which may operate on the shoulder.

Question 18

Where should a clearway be located?

Answer 18

The origin of a clearway should be at the end of the Take off run available.

Question 19

What is recommendation for the length and width of a clearway?

Answer 19

Length of a clearway should not exceed half the length of the take off run available.
A clearway should extend laterally to a distance of at least 75m on each side of the extended center line of a runway.

Question 20

How wide should a stopway be?

Answer 20

A stopway shall have the same width as the runway with which it is associated.

Question 21

How should a stopway be prepared or constructed?

Answer 21

A stopway should be prepared or constructed so as to be capable, in the event of an abandoned take-off, of supporting the aeroplane which the stopway is intended to serve without inducing structural damage to the aeroplane.

Question 22

How shall the surface of a paved stopway be?

Answer 22

The surface of a paved stopway shall be so constructed or resurfaced so as to provided surface friction characteristics at or above those of the associated runway.

Question 23

What is the general recommendation for the provision of a taxiway?

Answer 23

Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe and expeditious surface movement of aircraft.

Question 24

What is recommendation for provision of taxiway entrances and exits?

Answer 24

Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a runway should be provided to expedite the movement of aeroplanes to and from the runway and provision of rapid exit taxiways considered when traffic volumes are high.

Question 25

What is the recommendation for the strength of a taxiway?

Answer 25

The strength of a taxiway should be at least equal to that of the runway it serves, due consideration being given to the fact that a taxiway will be subjected to a greater density of traffic and, as a result of slow moving and stationairy aeroplanes, to higher stresses than the runway it serves.

Question 26

What is recommendation regarding irregularities of surface of a taxiway?

Answer 26

The surface of a taxiway should not have irregularities that cause damage to aeroplane structures.

Question 27

When should holding bays be provided? Where shall a runway holding position be provided?

Answer 27

Holding bays should be provided when the traffic density is medium or heavy.
A runway holding position or positions shall be established:
a) on the taxiway, at the intersection of a taxiway and a runway and;
b) at an intersection of a runway with another runway when the former runway is part of the standard taxi-route.

Question 28

When should an apron be provided?

Answer 28

Aprons should be provided where necessary to permit the on and off loading of passengers, cargo or mail as well as the servicing of aircraft without interfereing with the aerodrome traffic.

Question 29

How should the size of an apron be?

Answer 29

The total apron area should be adequate to permit expeditious handling of the aerodrome traffic at its maximum anticipated density.

Question 30

What is the recommendation regarding the strength of an apron?

Answer 30

Each part of an apron should be capable of withstanding the traffic of the aircraft it is intended to serve, due consideration being given to the fact that some portions of the apron will be subjected to a higher density of traffic and, as a result of slow moving or stationary aircraft, to higher stresses than a runway.

Question 31

Where shall isolated aircraft position be designated and why?

Answer 31

An isolated aircraft parking position shall be designated or the aerodrome control tower shall be advised of an area or areas suitable for the parking of an aircraft which is known or believed to be the subject of unlawful interference, or which for other reasons needs isolation from normal aerodrome activities.

Question 32

Where should the isolated parking position be located?

Answer 32

The isolated aircraft parking position should be located at the maximum distance practicable and in any case never less than 100m from other parking positions, buildings or public areas, etc. Care should be taken to ensure that the position is not located over underground utilities such as gas and aviation fuel and, to the extent feasible, electrical or communication cables.

Question 33

Where shall a signaling lamp be provided? What should it be capable of?

Answer 33

A signal lamp shall be provided at a controlled aerodrome in the aerodrome control tower.
A signalling lamp should be capable of producing red, green and white signals, and of:
a) being aimed manually at any target as required
b) giving a signal in any one color followed by a signal in either of the two other colors; and
c) transmitting a message in any one of threee colors morse code up to a speed of at least four words per minute

Question 34

What color shall runway markings be? taxiway markings? apron safety lines?

Answer 34

Runway markings shall be white.
Taxiway markings, runway turn pad markings and aircraft stand markings shall be yellow.
Apron safety lines shall be of conspicuous color which shall contrast with that used for aircraft stand markings.

Question 35

What should pavement markings be made of at aerodromes with nighttime operations?

Answer 35

At aerodromes where operations take place at night, pavement markings should be made with reflective materials designed to enhance the visibility of the markings.

Question 36

Where shall a runway designation marking be provided? What is the recommendation for where it should be provided?

Answer 36

A runway designated marking shall be provided at the thresholds of a paved runway.
A runway designation marking should be provided, in so far as practicable, at the thresholds of an unpaved runway.

Question 37

Where shall a runway center line be provided? Where shall it be located?

Answer 37

A runway center line marking shall be provided on a paved runway. A runway center line marking shall be located along the center line of the runway designation markings, except when interrupted in compliance with the provisions of runway designation markings.

Question 38

What shall a runway center line consist of?

Answer 38

A runway center line shall consist of a line of uniformly spaces stripes and gaps. The length of a stripe plus a gap shall be not less than 50m or more than 75m. The length of each stripe shall be at least equal to the length of the gap or 30m, whichever is greater.

Question 39

What runways shall a threshold marking be provided for?

Answer 39

A threshold marking shall be provided at the threshold of a paved runway, and of a paved non - instrument runway where the code number is 3 or 4 and the runway is intended for use by international commercial air transport.

Question 40

What shall a runway threshold marking consist of?

Answer 40

A runway threshold marking shall consist of a pattern of longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions disposed symmetrically about the center line of a runway. The number of stripes shall be in accordance with the runway width.

Question 41

Where shall a runway side stripe marking be provided?

Answer 41

A runway stripe marking shall be provided between the thresholds of a paved runway where there is a lack of contrast between the runway edges and the shoulders or the surrounding terrain.

Question 42

On which runway should a runway side stripe marking be provided in all cases?

Answer 42

A runway side stripe marking should be provided on a precision approach runway irrespective of the contrast betweeen the runway edges and the shoulders or the surrounding terrain.

Question 43

Where shall a runway holding position marking be shown?

Answer 43

At an intersection of a taxiway and a non - instrument, non - precision approach or take-off runway, the runway - holding position marking shall be shown.

Question 44

Where shall a taxiway center line marking be provided?

Answer 44

Taxiway center line marking shall be provided on a paved taxiway, de-icing/ anti-icing facility and apron where the code number is 3 or 4 in such a way as to provide continuous guidance between the runway center line and aircraft stands.

Question 45

Where should the taxiway center line marking be provided?

Answer 45

The taxiway center line marking should be provided on a paved taxiway, de-icing/anti-icing facility and apron where the code number is 1 or 2 in such a way as to provide continuous guidance between the runway center line and aircraft stands.

Question 46

How shall a VOR aerodrome checkpoint be indicated?

Answer 46

When a VOR aerodrome checkpoint is established, it shall be indicated by a VOR aerodrome checkpoint marking and sign.

Question 47

What shall a VOR checkpoint marking consist of?

Answer 47

A VOR aerodrome checkpoint marking shall consist of a circle 6m in diameter and have a line width of 15cm.

Question 48

What is the recommendation for a VOR chekpoint when it is preferable for an aircraft to be aligned in a specific direction?

Answer 48

When it is preferable for an aircraft to be aligned in a specific direction, a line should be provided that passes through the center of the circle on the desired azimuth. The line should extend 6 m outside the circle in the desired direction of heading and terminates in an arrowhead. The width of the line should be 15cm.

Question 49

What is the color used for a VOR aerodrome checkpoint?

Answer 49

A VOR aerodrome checkpoint marking should preferably be white in color but should differ from the colour used for the taxiway markings.

Question 50

What is the rule pertaining to a non aeronautical ground light near an aerdrome?

Answer 50

A non aeronautical ground light near an aerodrome which might endanger the safety of aircraft shall be extinguished, screened or otherwise modified so as to eliminate the source of danger.

Question 51

What is recommendation for an aerodrome provided with runway lighting and without secondary power?

Answer 51

At an aerodrome provided with runway lighting and without secondary power supply, sufficient emergency lights should be conveniently available for installation on at least the primary runway in the event of failure of the normal lighting system.

Question 52

What is the recommendation for the location of an aerodorme identification beacon?

Answer 52

The location of the beacon should be such that the beacon is not shielded by objects in significant directions and does not dazzle a pilot approaching to land.

Question 53

What colors shall an identification beacon show?

Answer 53

An identification beacon shall show flashing green at a land aerodrome and flashing yellow at a water aerodrome.

Question 54

What runway designation marking consists of?

Answer 54

A runway designation marking shall consist of a two digit number. The two digit number shall be the whole number nearest the one tenth of the magnetic north when viewed from the direction of approach. If according to this rule, it would give a single digit number that number shall be preceded by a zero.

Question 55

Characteristics of aerodrome beacon?

Answer 55

The aerodrome beacon shall either show colored flashes alternating with white flashes, or white flashes only. The frequency of total flashes shall be from 20 to thirty. Where used, the colored flashes emitted by beacons at land aerodromes shall be green, the colored flashes emitted by beacons at water aerodromes shall be yellow. In the case of a combined water and land aerodromes, colored flashes, if used, shall have the color characteristics of whichever section of the aerodrome is designated as the principle facility.

Question 56

Where shall wind indicator be located?

Answer 56

A wind direction indicator shall be located so as to be visible from aircraft in flight or on the movement area and in such a way as to be free from the effects of air disturbances caused by nearby objects.