NAVEDTRA 14295B CH 6 Flashcards
How many sciences is the study of the body divided into?
2
What is the study of body structures and the relation of one part to another?
Anatomy
What is the study of how the body works and how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other?
Physiology
What imaginary plane divides the body into right and left halves on its vertical axis?
Sagittal
What planes are drawn perpendicular to the sagittal lines and divide the body into anterior (front) and posterior (rear) sections?
Frontal
What plane which is drawn at right angles to both sagittal and frontal planes, divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections?
Transverse
o aid in understanding the location of anatomical structures, a standard body position called what is used as the point of reference?
Anatomical position
What process involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food into its simplest forms?
Digestion
What is the process of absorption, storage, and use of foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair?
Metabolism
What is the body’s self-regulated control of its internal environment called?
Homeostasis
What is the beginning level of the organization of the body?
Chemical level
What consist of chemical structures organized within larger units (cells) to perform a specific function?
Organelles
What consist of the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possess and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter?
Cells
What are a group of many similar cells that all develop together from the same part of an embryo and all perform a certain function?
Tissues
What is defined as a structure made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a special function?
Organ
What are the most complex of the organizational units of the body?
Systems
How many major systems make up the human body?
11
What are a collection of interactive parts that are capable of surviving in hostile environments, with the ability to reproduce and repair damaged parts?
Organisms
What is the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possesses and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter?
Cell
A typical cell is made up of the plasma membrane, the nucleus, and what else?
Cytoplasm
What is a small, dense, usually spherical body that controls the chemical reactions occurring in the cell?
Nucleus
How many chromosomes does every human cell contain?
46
Tissues are classified into four main groups: epithelial, connective, muscular, and what else?
Nervous
What is the lining tissue of the body called?
Epithelium
What tissue is composed of a single layer of cells whose nuclei are located at the same level as the nuclei in their neighboring cells?
Columnar
In the digestive system, the chief function of columnar tissue is the secretion of digestive fluids and the absorption of nutrients from digested foods. In certain areas (such as the nostrils, bronchial tubes, and trachea), this tissue has a crown of microscopic hair like processes known as what?
Cilia
What tissue is composed of thin plate-like or scale-like cells forming a mosaic pattern?
Squamous epithelial
What tissue is the main protective tissue of the body?
Squamous
In the kidneys, what tissue functions in the secretion and absorption of fluids?
Cuboidal
What tissue is highly vascular, surrounds other cells, encases internal organs, sheathes muscles, wraps bones, encloses joints, and provides the supporting framework of the body?
Connective
What tissue consists of a meshwork of thin fibers that interlace in all directions, giving the tissue both elasticity and tensile strength?
Arreolar
What tissue is known as “fatty tissue”?
Adipose
What type of tissue, known as “bone tissue” is dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones?
Osseous Connective
What tissue provides for all body movement?
Muscular
The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and what else?
Cardiac
What is the most complex tissue in the body
Nerve
What is the basic cell of nerve tissue?
Neuron
What is the outer skin layer called?
Epidermis
What is a wide area of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, smooth muscles, and skin appendages?
Dermis
The skin contains two types of nerve fibers, motor and what else?
Sensory
What is the control mechanism to reduce the body’s heat by evaporating water from its surface?
Sweat glands
What are modified sweat glands found only in the auditory canal?
Ceruminous
How many bones is the human skeleton composed of?
206
What is the study of the structure of bone?
Osteology
Bone is made up of inorganic mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus being the most prevalent) and what organic substance?
Ossein
What is the thin outer membrane surrounding the bone called?
Periosteum
Where does the pain come from when a bone fractures?
Periosteum
What is the elongated, cylindrical portion (or “shaft) of the bone that is between the epiphyses (sing. epiphysis) or ends of bone?
Diaphysis
How many bones does the skull consist of?
28
The human skeleton is divided into two main divisions, the axial skeleton and what other skeleton?
Appendicular
ith the exception of the mandible and the bones of the inner ear, all skull bones are joined together firmly along seams. What are the seams where they join known as?
Sutures
How many major bones form the cranium?
8
What bones form the sides and part of the base of the skull in the area of the ear?
Temporal
What bone forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium?
Occipital
What bone is situated in front of the sphenoid bone in the front part of the cranium?
Ethmoid
What bone is posterior to the ethmoid bone providing for the front base of the cranium and forming the floor and sides of the orbits?
Sphenoid
How many stationary bones does the facial skeleton consist of?
14
What bones form the upper jaw, the anterior roof of the mouth, the floors of the orbits, and the sides and floor of the nasal cavity?
Maxillary
What are the small holes on each side of the nasal opening called?
Infraorbital foramina
What bones are responsible for the prominence of the cheeks?
Zygomatic
What bones provide a pathway for the tube that carries tears from the eye to the nasal cavity?
Lacrimal
What bone is connected to the ethmoid bone which together form the nasal septum?
Vomer
How many movable or true vertebrae does the vertebral column consists of along with the sacrum, and the coccyx or tail bone?
24
What protects the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from it?
Vertebrae
The Sacrum along with what else are found at the bottom of the spinal column?
Coccyx
What is the hole directly behind the body of the vertebrae that forms the passage for the spinal cord called?
Vertebral foramen
How many regions is the spinal column divided into?
5
How many cervical vertebraes are there in the neck?
7
How many vertebraes are there in the thoracic region?
12
How many lumbar vertebraes are there?
5
The sacrum is the triangular bone immediately below the lumbar vertebrae. It is composed of five separate vertebrae that gradually fuse together between 18 and how many years of age?
30
What (which is commonly called the “collar bone”) lies nearly horizontally above the first rib and is shaped like a flat letter S?
Clavicle
What is the longest bone of the upper extremity which is often called the arm bone?
Humerus
How many carpal bones arranged in two rows that form the wrist are there?
8
What are the small bones of the fingers called?
Phalanges
What bone, commonly known as the hip, is a large, irregularly shaped bone composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and pubis?
Innominate
What forms the outer prominence of the hip bone?
Ilium
What is the area where the two pubic bones meet called?
Symphysis pubis
What is the longest bone in the body?
Femur
What is the small oval-shaped bone overlying the knee joint called?
Patella
What are bones that develop within a tendon known as?
Sesamoid
How many tarsal bones form the tarsus (ankle)?
7
How many metatarsal bones make up the metatarsus?
5
What binds various parts of the skeletal system together and enables body parts to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions?
Joint
There are six classifications of freely movable joints: ball-in-socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and what else?
Saddle
What reach across the joints from one bone to another to keep bones stable?
Ligaments
What is the injury called when ligaments are torn?
Sprain
What is the injury called when bones are chipped or broken?
Fracture
Joint movements are generally divided into four types: gliding, angular, rotation, and what else?
Circumduction
How many bony parts does the TMJ consist of?
3
What is the point of fixed attachment of a muscle to the bone called?
Origin
Muscles seldom act alone; they usually work in groups held together by sheets of a white fibrous tissue called what?
Fascia
What is a muscle that is relaxing while a prime mover is contracting called?
Antagonist
The chemical action of muscle fibers consists of contraction and what else?
Recovery
What is the continual state of partial contraction that gives the muscle firmness?
Tonicity
Rigor mortis occurs as early as how many minutes to several hours after death?
10
How many types of muscle tissue are there?
3
What type of muscle tissue forms the bulk of the walls and septa (or partitions) of the heart, as well as the origins of the large blood vessels?
Cardiac
What is the process of chewing food in preparation for swallowing and digestion called?
Mastication
Which cheek muscle prevents food from escaping the chewing action of the teeth?
Buccinator
What is the area of the external lips where the red mucous membrane ends and normal outside skin of the face begins known as?
Vermilion border
What act as taste buds and provides the tongue with friction for handling food?
Papillae
