NAVEDTRA 14295B CH 6 Flashcards
How many sciences is the study of the body divided into?
2
What is the study of body structures and the relation of one part to another?
Anatomy
What is the study of how the body works and how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other?
Physiology
What imaginary plane divides the body into right and left halves on its vertical axis?
Sagittal
What planes are drawn perpendicular to the sagittal lines and divide the body into anterior (front) and posterior (rear) sections?
Frontal
What plane which is drawn at right angles to both sagittal and frontal planes, divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections?
Transverse
o aid in understanding the location of anatomical structures, a standard body position called what is used as the point of reference?
Anatomical position
What process involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food into its simplest forms?
Digestion
What is the process of absorption, storage, and use of foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair?
Metabolism
What is the body’s self-regulated control of its internal environment called?
Homeostasis
What is the beginning level of the organization of the body?
Chemical level
What consist of chemical structures organized within larger units (cells) to perform a specific function?
Organelles
What consist of the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possess and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter?
Cells
What are a group of many similar cells that all develop together from the same part of an embryo and all perform a certain function?
Tissues
What is defined as a structure made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a special function?
Organ
What are the most complex of the organizational units of the body?
Systems
How many major systems make up the human body?
11
What are a collection of interactive parts that are capable of surviving in hostile environments, with the ability to reproduce and repair damaged parts?
Organisms
What is the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possesses and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter?
Cell
A typical cell is made up of the plasma membrane, the nucleus, and what else?
Cytoplasm
What is a small, dense, usually spherical body that controls the chemical reactions occurring in the cell?
Nucleus
How many chromosomes does every human cell contain?
46
Tissues are classified into four main groups: epithelial, connective, muscular, and what else?
Nervous
What is the lining tissue of the body called?
Epithelium
What tissue is composed of a single layer of cells whose nuclei are located at the same level as the nuclei in their neighboring cells?
Columnar
In the digestive system, the chief function of columnar tissue is the secretion of digestive fluids and the absorption of nutrients from digested foods. In certain areas (such as the nostrils, bronchial tubes, and trachea), this tissue has a crown of microscopic hair like processes known as what?
Cilia
What tissue is composed of thin plate-like or scale-like cells forming a mosaic pattern?
Squamous epithelial
What tissue is the main protective tissue of the body?
Squamous
In the kidneys, what tissue functions in the secretion and absorption of fluids?
Cuboidal
What tissue is highly vascular, surrounds other cells, encases internal organs, sheathes muscles, wraps bones, encloses joints, and provides the supporting framework of the body?
Connective
What tissue consists of a meshwork of thin fibers that interlace in all directions, giving the tissue both elasticity and tensile strength?
Arreolar
What tissue is known as “fatty tissue”?
Adipose
What type of tissue, known as “bone tissue” is dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones?
Osseous Connective
What tissue provides for all body movement?
Muscular
The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and what else?
Cardiac
What is the most complex tissue in the body
Nerve
What is the basic cell of nerve tissue?
Neuron
What is the outer skin layer called?
Epidermis
What is a wide area of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, smooth muscles, and skin appendages?
Dermis
The skin contains two types of nerve fibers, motor and what else?
Sensory
What is the control mechanism to reduce the body’s heat by evaporating water from its surface?
Sweat glands
What are modified sweat glands found only in the auditory canal?
Ceruminous
How many bones is the human skeleton composed of?
206
What is the study of the structure of bone?
Osteology
Bone is made up of inorganic mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus being the most prevalent) and what organic substance?
Ossein
What is the thin outer membrane surrounding the bone called?
Periosteum
Where does the pain come from when a bone fractures?
Periosteum
What is the elongated, cylindrical portion (or “shaft) of the bone that is between the epiphyses (sing. epiphysis) or ends of bone?
Diaphysis
How many bones does the skull consist of?
28
The human skeleton is divided into two main divisions, the axial skeleton and what other skeleton?
Appendicular
ith the exception of the mandible and the bones of the inner ear, all skull bones are joined together firmly along seams. What are the seams where they join known as?
Sutures
How many major bones form the cranium?
8
What bones form the sides and part of the base of the skull in the area of the ear?
Temporal
What bone forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium?
Occipital
What bone is situated in front of the sphenoid bone in the front part of the cranium?
Ethmoid
What bone is posterior to the ethmoid bone providing for the front base of the cranium and forming the floor and sides of the orbits?
Sphenoid
How many stationary bones does the facial skeleton consist of?
14
What bones form the upper jaw, the anterior roof of the mouth, the floors of the orbits, and the sides and floor of the nasal cavity?
Maxillary
What are the small holes on each side of the nasal opening called?
Infraorbital foramina
What bones are responsible for the prominence of the cheeks?
Zygomatic
What bones provide a pathway for the tube that carries tears from the eye to the nasal cavity?
Lacrimal
What bone is connected to the ethmoid bone which together form the nasal septum?
Vomer
How many movable or true vertebrae does the vertebral column consists of along with the sacrum, and the coccyx or tail bone?
24
What protects the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from it?
Vertebrae
The Sacrum along with what else are found at the bottom of the spinal column?
Coccyx
What is the hole directly behind the body of the vertebrae that forms the passage for the spinal cord called?
Vertebral foramen
How many regions is the spinal column divided into?
5
How many cervical vertebraes are there in the neck?
7
How many vertebraes are there in the thoracic region?
12
How many lumbar vertebraes are there?
5
The sacrum is the triangular bone immediately below the lumbar vertebrae. It is composed of five separate vertebrae that gradually fuse together between 18 and how many years of age?
30
What (which is commonly called the “collar bone”) lies nearly horizontally above the first rib and is shaped like a flat letter S?
Clavicle
What is the longest bone of the upper extremity which is often called the arm bone?
Humerus
How many carpal bones arranged in two rows that form the wrist are there?
8
What are the small bones of the fingers called?
Phalanges
What bone, commonly known as the hip, is a large, irregularly shaped bone composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and pubis?
Innominate
What forms the outer prominence of the hip bone?
Ilium
What is the area where the two pubic bones meet called?
Symphysis pubis
What is the longest bone in the body?
Femur
What is the small oval-shaped bone overlying the knee joint called?
Patella
What are bones that develop within a tendon known as?
Sesamoid
How many tarsal bones form the tarsus (ankle)?
7
How many metatarsal bones make up the metatarsus?
5
What binds various parts of the skeletal system together and enables body parts to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions?
Joint
There are six classifications of freely movable joints: ball-in-socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and what else?
Saddle
What reach across the joints from one bone to another to keep bones stable?
Ligaments
What is the injury called when ligaments are torn?
Sprain
What is the injury called when bones are chipped or broken?
Fracture
Joint movements are generally divided into four types: gliding, angular, rotation, and what else?
Circumduction
How many bony parts does the TMJ consist of?
3
What is the point of fixed attachment of a muscle to the bone called?
Origin
Muscles seldom act alone; they usually work in groups held together by sheets of a white fibrous tissue called what?
Fascia
What is a muscle that is relaxing while a prime mover is contracting called?
Antagonist
The chemical action of muscle fibers consists of contraction and what else?
Recovery
What is the continual state of partial contraction that gives the muscle firmness?
Tonicity
Rigor mortis occurs as early as how many minutes to several hours after death?
10
How many types of muscle tissue are there?
3
What type of muscle tissue forms the bulk of the walls and septa (or partitions) of the heart, as well as the origins of the large blood vessels?
Cardiac
What is the process of chewing food in preparation for swallowing and digestion called?
Mastication
Which cheek muscle prevents food from escaping the chewing action of the teeth?
Buccinator
What is the area of the external lips where the red mucous membrane ends and normal outside skin of the face begins known as?
Vermilion border
What act as taste buds and provides the tongue with friction for handling food?
Papillae
How many sections is the palate divided into?
2
How many pints of saliva per day do the salivary glands produce which greatly aid the digestion process?
2-3
What is the process of swallowing food called?
Deglutition
What muscle when it becomes damaged results in a common condition known as a “stiff neck”?
Sternocleidomastoid
What is the large triangular muscle that forms the prominent chest muscle called?
Pectoralis major
What muscle raises the arm and has its origin in the clavicle and the spine of the scapula?
Deltoid
What is the prominent muscle on the anterior surface of the upper arm called?
Biceps brachii
What is the broad, flat muscle that covers approximately one-third of the back on each side?
Latissimus dorsi
Quadriceps area group of how many muscles that make up the anterior portion of the thigh?
4
What adducts the thigh, and flexes and medially rotates the leg?
Gracilis
What is the longest muscle in the body called?
Sartorius
What is the primary muscle of respiration, modifying the size of the thorax and abdomen vertically?
Diaphragm
What is fluid tissue composed of formed elements (i.e. cells) suspended in plasma called?
Blood
How many liters of blood volume does the average adult have?
5 to 6
What percent of whole blood (plasma and cells) is constituted of plasma?
55
What thin layer is formed by WBCs and platelets when blood components are separated between the plasma and RBC layers?
Buffy coat
How many red cells per cubic millimeter does the blood of the average man contain?
5 million
What is the key to the red cell’s ability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Hemoglobin
The combination of hemoglobin along with what else produce dark red (venous) blood?
Carbon dioxide
How many days do red blood cells typically live in the body?
100-120
What is the typical ratio of white cells to red cells in the body?
1:600
What protect the body against disease?
Leukocytes
About how many Thrombocytes are there on average per cubic millimeter of blood?
250,000
What is an inherited disease characterized by delayed clotting of the blood and consequent difficulty in controlling hemorrhage?
Hemophilia
What is the membranous sac that encloses the heart called?
Pericardium
How many interrelated pumps does the heart act as?
4
What is the contraction of the heart called?
Systole
What is the relaxation of the heart called?
Diastole
What is commonly called the pacemaker of the heart because it stimulates and maintains heart contractions?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
About how many beats per minute is the normal heart rate?
80
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure known as?
Pulse pressure
What form a closed circuit of tubes that transport blood between the heart and body cells?
Blood vessels
How many classifications do the blood vessels of the body fall into?
3
What carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body?
Arteries
Approximately how many miles of capillaries are there in the body?
60,000
As the blood passes through the capillaries, it releases oxygen and nutritive substances to the tissues and takes up various waste products to be carried away by what?
Venules
What system is comprised of vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and carry it back to the heart?
Venous
What is the largest artery in the body and is a large tube-like structure arising from the left ventricle of the heart?
Aorta
How many large arteries are there that arise from the aorta as it arches over the left lung?
3
The pulmonary, portal, along with what else comprise the three principal venous systems in the body?
Systemic
What vein is most commonly used for venipuncture?
Median cubital
What are all the tissues of the body continuously bathed in?
Interstitial fluid
What is interstitial fluid called once it enters lymphatic capillaries?
Lymph
Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped bodies of lymphatic tissue found in what size groups along the course of the lymph vessels?
2-15
What proteins interfere with the ability of viruses to cause diseases?
Interferon
What is the memorization and production of antibodies called?
Active immunity
There are five major types of Glia cells, Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, and what other cells?
Scwhann
What help to feed the brain and make up the Blood Brain Barrier?
Astrocytes
What enlarge, engulf, and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris?
Microglia
What produce the fatty myelin sheath around the nerve fibers in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
The structure and functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell, or neuron, which can be classified into how many types?
3
What is a cordlike bundle of fibers held together with connective tissue?
Nerve
The brain has six major divisions, the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, diancephalon, cerebrum along with what else?
Cerebellum
What is the largest and most superiorly situated portion of the brain called?
Cerebrum
What part of the brain is chiefly concerned with bringing balance, harmony, and coordination to the motions initiated by the cerebrum?
Cerebellum
What is the inferior portion of the brain which is the last division before the beginning of the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
How many layers of membranes is the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord covered with?
3
What forms cerebrospinal fluid?
Plexus
What is the total quantity of spinal fluid that bathes the spinal cord?
75 ml
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves along with how many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
What nerve provides the sense of smell?
Olfactory
What nerve governs the sensation of the forehead, face and the clenching of the jaw?
Trigeminal
What nerves transmit sensation from the upper mouth and throat area?
Glossopharyngeal
What nerve governs the muscle activity of the tongue?
Hypoglossal
How many pairs of spinal nerves that originate from the spinal cord are there?
31
What system informs areas of the cerebral cortex of changes that are taking place within the body or in the external environment?
Sensory
The sensation of taste is limited to sour, sweet, bitter, savory, and what else?
Salty
What consists of structures that produce tears and drains them from the surface of the eyeball?
Lacrimal apparatus
What helps to give the cornea its curved shape?
Aqueous humor
The eyeball is composed of three layers; sclera, choroid, and what else?
Retina
What is a circular, pigmented muscular structure that gives color to the eye?
Iris
What is the opening in the iris called?
Pupil
What separates the eye into anterior and posterior cavities?
Lens
What is the area where the optic nerve enters the eyeball that contains no rods and cones called?
Optic disk
What is the process by which the lens increases or decreases its curvature to refract light rays into focus on the fovea centralis?
Accommodation
How many parts is the ear divided into?
3
What collects sound waves from the environments that are conducted by the external auditory canal (about 3cm long) to the eardrum?
Auricle
What aids in protecting the eardrum against foreign bodies and microorganisms?
Cerumen
About how long is the eustachian tube that connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx?
36
What is the fluid called that the inner ear is filled with?
Endolymph
What are the chemical messengers called that the endocrine system sends messages through?
Hormones
What is a structure in the brain that synthesizes chemicals that are secreted to the pituitary gland to release hormones and to help regulate body temperature?
Hypothalamus
What is often called the master gland of the body as it influences many other endocrine glands?
Pituitary
What is the growth hormone that influences body growth and development?
Somatotropin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) along with what else are the two hormones that are stored by the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin
When ADH is not produced in adequate amounts, the daily urine volume increases to 10 and 15 liters instead of the normal 1.5 liters. What is this condition known as?
Diabetes insipidus
What stimulates the contraction of uterus muscles particularly during the delivery of a baby?
Oxytocin
What is essential for the formation of thyroxin
Iodine
What condition is caused by an insufficient secretion of thyroxin?
Hypothyroidism
What is a condition characterized by retarded mental and physical development?
Cretinism
What regulates the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood and bones?
Parathormone (PTH)
How many types of steroid hormones that are of vital importance do specialized cells in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex produce?
3
What are the regulators of fluid and electrolyte balance?
Mineralocorticoids
What lowers blood sugar levels by increasing tissue utilization of glucose and stimulating the formation and storage of glycogen in the liver?
Insulin
What male hormone do testes produce and secrete that influence the development and maintenance of the male accessory sex organs and the secondary sex characteristics?
Testosterone
What influences the development and maintenance of the female accessory sex organs and the secondary sex characteristics, and promotes changes in the mucous lining of the uterus (endometrium) during the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen
What hormone do early pregnancy tests detect?
HCG
What is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the cells of the body called?
Respiration
What serves both the respiratory and digestive systems and aids in speech?
Pharynx
What is a lid-like, leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure that covers the entrance to the larynx and separates it from the pharynx?
Epiglottis
What is responsible for the production of vocal sound (voice)?
Larynx
What are the thin, microscopic air sacs within the lungs called?
Alveoli
What are the airtight membranes that cover the outer surface of the lungs and line the chest wall called?
Pleurae
What are the tissue and organs of the thoracic cavity called that form a septum between the lungs?
Mediastinum
What is the primary muscle of respiration called?
Diaphragm
What is the nerve that controls the diaphragm called?
Phrenic nerve
About how much air do the lungs hold when they are filled to capacity?
6,200 ml
Mechanical digestion occurs when food is chewed, swallowed, and propelled by a wave-like motion called what?
Peristalsis
How long is the alimentary canal (tract)?
9 meters
What is the passageway between the mouth and the esophagus called?
Pharynx
What is the cartilaginous flap that closes the opening to the larynx when food is being swallowed down the pharynx?
Epiglottis
About how long is the esophagus?
10 inches
What acts as the initial storehouse for swallowed material and helps in the chemical breakdown of food substances?
Stomach
What activates pepsin from pepsinogen, kills bacteria that enter the stomach, inhibits the digestive action of amylase, and helps regulate the opening and closing of the pyloric sphincter?
Hydrochloric acid
What is a protein-splitting enzyme capable of beginning the digestion of nearly all types of dietary protein?
Pepsin
What covers the intestines and the organs by secreting a serous fluid preventing friction between adjacent organs?
Peritoneum
About how long is the small intestine?
7 meters
The small intestine is divided into three contiguous parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and what else?
Ilium
After ingestion, it takes 20 minutes to how long for the first portion of the food to pass through the small intestine to the beginning of the large intestine?
2 hours
How many liters of saliva per day do salivary glands produce which greatly aid in the digestion process?
1.7
What is the largest gland in the body?
Liver
What receives bile from the liver and then concentrates and stores it?
Gallbladder
What is the primary filtering system of the body?
Urinary system
What is the tube called that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
Urethra
What are the functional units of the kidneys called?
Nephrons
What is the artery that supplies blood to the kidneys called?
Renal
About how many nephrons are there in each kidney?
1 million
What is the process by which the peritubular capillary transports certain substances directly into the fluid of the renal tubule?
Secretion
The glomerulus filters an estimated 1,200 ml of blood through the kidneys each minute (or 2,500 gallons in 24 hours) and about how many gallons of glomerular filtrate in 24 hours?
80
How many bundles of smooth muscle fibers does the wall of the bladder consist of?
4
What is the process by which urine is expelled from the bladder called?
Micturition
Up to how many ml of urine can the bladder hold?
600
About how many long is the female urethra?
4 cm
About how long is the male urethra?
20 cm
What part of the male and female reproductive systems are concerned with the process of reproducing offspring, and each organ is adapted to perform specialized tasks?
Gonads
How many or more cone shaped lobules is the interior of the testis divided into?
200
What is the process by which sperm cells are produced called?
Spermatogenesis
What secretes the glycogen hormone which helps sustain the lives of stored sperm cells and promotes their maturation?
Epididymis
What is the small tube that connects the epididymis and ejaculatory duct?
Vas deferens
What is the cutaneous pouch containing the testes and part of the spermatic cord?
Scrotum
What are the primary female reproductive organs?
Ovaries
Approximately how many primordial follicles are there at puberty?
400,000
What is the process by which the mature oocyte is released from the primordial follicle called?
Ovulation
How often are ovums typically released by ovaries?
Every 56 days
How many days in duration are menstrual cycles for most women?
28
What stimulates the enlargement of mammary glands and ducts, and increases fat deposits in female breasts during puberty?
Progesterone
What serve as the ducts for ovaries that provide a passageway to the uterus?
Fallopian tubes
What receives the embryo that results from the fertilization of an egg cell and to sustain its life during development?
Uterus
What is the lower one-third portion of the uterus that projects into the upper part of the vagina called?
Cervix
How many layers does the wall of the vagina consist of?
3
What are many of the external accessory organs of the female reproductive system collectively referred to as?
Vulva
What is the area enclosed by the labia minora that includes those vaginal and urethral openings?
Vestibule
Around what age do females begin to experience the female reproductive cycle?
11
What is the rupture of a primordial follicle with the release of a mature ovum into the fallopian tubes called?
Ovulation
