Natural Population Change Flashcards
Define birth rate
Average number of live births in a year for every 1000 people in total population
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Define death rate
Average number of deaths per 1000 people in population
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Define Infant mortality
Number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year.
Define replacement rate
The extent to which the population is replacing itself.
Difference between births and deaths.
Number of children needed per women in order to maintain pop size.
Migration is zero.
Are countries above or below replacement rate.
Almost half the worlds counties are below it.
define fertility rate
The average number of children a women is expected to give birth to in her life time.
LICs 5
HICs 2
Define natural change
Difference between birth rate and death rate
On the DTM which declines first?
Death rate.
In stage 2
Describe what is happening in stage 1.
DR/ BR are high and fluctuating.
Population growth is small.
Life expectancy is low.
High infant mortality.
In stage 1, what are the reasons for high birth rate?
Limited birth control/ family planning.
High IMR which encourages women to have more babies.
Children future source of income.
Religious people need large families.
In stage 1, what are the reasons for high death rates?
High disease. Poor nutrient. Famine. Poor hygiene. Not much health care.
What is happening in stage 2?
Early expanding. High birth rates. Falling death rate. Population expands rapidly. Lower IMR Life expectancy also increases
Reasons for falling death rate in stage 2?
Economic development Improved healthcare Better nutrition Lower IMR Maternal care improved
What is happening in stage 3?
Late expanding. Falling birth rate. Continued fall in death rate. Population growth slows down. Lower IMR Life expectancy increases
Why does birth rate fall in stage 3?
Emancipation of women. Preference of smaller families. Changing social trend - materialism. More wealth. Compulsory schooling - expensive. Family planning systems. Change in socioeconomic conditions.
What is happening in stage 4?
Low and fluctuating.
Little population growth as br and dr are very low.
High life expectancy
Why are birth rates low in stage 4?
Changes in personal lifestyle - job/ hobby
Women greater status.
More women in work force.
More leisure time.
What is happening in stage 5?
Decline.
Later period where death rates slightly exceed birth rate.
Only seen in some western countries.
Ageing population
Reasons for low birth rate in stage 5?
Rise in individualism.
Emancipation of women in labour.
Financial dependence of women.
Concern about resources for future generations.
Increase in non traditional lifestyles such as ‘same sex marriages’
Name limitations of DTM
Not include influences of migration.
Assumes all countries go through same patterns.
No time scale.
Time scale squashed as SE Asian countries like hong long grow much faster than Early industrialised counties.
Fluctuations like war / natural disasters
The modem assumed the fall in death rate in stage 2 was due to industrialisation, how is this not fully correct ?
Initially the dr in many countries rose (uk) due to insanitary conditions which resulted from rapid urban growth.
It only began to fall when there was advances in medicine.
In many counties the fall in birthdate in stage 3 has been less rapid than the model suggests? Why ?
Religious or political opposition to birth control (Brazil)
But this br fall was much more rapid in China due to one child policy
ASSUMPTIONS OF DTM
All countries will develop
Some countries show little sign of this.
Some parts of a countries may develop when some parts don’t.
DR Congo
ASSUMPTIONS OF DTM
All countries developed at same speed.
Uk took 200 years to industrialise.
But Malaysia and China have in 60 years
ASSUMPTIONS OF DTM
Countries will never reach a point where population declines
Italy / Russia / japan entered stage 5
ASSUMPTIONS OF DTM
All counties birth and death rate will follow same patterns
do not consider governments tole eg. China’s one child policy
Kerala.
Provide incentives to reduce br
The model was developed after studying NEEs. Why is this a limitation ?
Some LICs may not follow same pattern
Difference between immigrants and emigrants
Immigrants move into area.
Emigrants leave an area.
How does migration impact natural change?
Child bearing age meaning they’re reproductive.
Increase BR.
Smaller population of elderly in population so younger migrants reduce death rate.
What do pro natal policies do ?
Increase BR
Seen in Japan
How is there a correlation between fertility rates and birth rates ?
They both measure reproductive potential within a population
How is total fertility rate more accurate measurement of future population. Change?
As it’s the average number of children that each women of reproductive childbearing age will give birth to.
Fertility rate used as an indicator to future pop Growth.
Which 2 places have highest fertility rates? What will this mean in future?
Niger / Gambia.
If they maintain high fertility rates their populations will continue to grow rapidly as each new generation will be larger than the last
What are replacement rates in HICs and LICs?
- 1 in HICs
3. 5 Sierra Leone
How is it possible to have a below net replacement rate, but still have a natural increase ?
Because populations consists of more than just 2 youngest generations , and have more people living longer.
How is infant mortality an important measure of mortality?
It’s age specific.
Provides indication of level of healthcare/ material/ post natal / diseases.
Provides indication of wealth - HICs can afford healthcare/ medicine / clean water to keep children/ elderly alive.
Impact on fertility - higher IMR higher fertility rates
Social factors affecting fertility
Healthcare Education Status of women Culture / beliefs Age / gender structure of pop Family size decisions
Political factors affecting fertility
Population policies - one child.
Political stability
Economic factors affecting fertility
Economic wealth
Affluence
Where money goes eg in places like DRC it will go on war fare.
Become more wealth Fertility rates decrease
Name 3 cultural controls
Gender
Marriage traditions
Religion
Gender .
Some societies want makes.
Especially in rural areas where they’re expected to farm and look after family - Indian
A consequence is higher fertility rates as families will continue to have children until they have a boy.
This will decrease when women become more equal in society - education/ no forced marruages
Marriage traditions
UNICEF says more than 60% of women in 5 counties of Africa/ Bangladesh were marries before 18.
Africa 16 legal age to marry.
Local scale courts permits legal age of 12 - fertility rates increase
Polygamy - man has more than one wife - status/ power
Religion
Roman Catholicism and Islam proscribe use of contraception and abortion.
So therefore low fertility and slow pop growth.
Muslim countries show high fertility rates and fastest growth.
