Distribution Of CHD Flashcards
How many deaths does it cause ? Thank
7.5 million annually.
How does a heart attack occur ?
When blood vessels supplying the heart muscle becomes blocked starving it from oxygen leading to heart failure / death
Links to physical environment
Air quality
Climate
Relief / topography
Air quality
Industrialisation increases pollutants in atmosphere
Methane/ co2/ smog
Transport
Densely populated cities
Climate
Temp/ sunshine increases association.
Lower temp / hours of sunshine
Cold / damp winters have harsh impact on cardiorespiratory
Relief / topography
Higher altitudes = more challenging = more waking
Can be advantageous for more activity but also threaten those with underlying risk.
Gym I’m built up areas
Overall how does physical environment link to chd?
Limited and minimal.
Cold climate has worse impact.
Lifestyle within physical environments pose more of a risk.
Links to socio economic environment
Social deprivation Tobacco use Alcohol use High blood pressure High cholesterol Poor nutrition Over weight Diabetes Irregular exercise Ethnicity Family history
Social deprivation
Positive correlation between deprivation and CHd deaths.
Damp / less money / lack of space
Tobacco use it
Chd 60% higher in smokers
Alcohol use
2% of chd in men in developed countries is due to excessive alcohol consumption
High blood pressure
22% in Western Europe due to hypertension
Doubles risk
Higher cholesterol
44% in Western Europe due to abnormal lipids
Poor nutrition
Diet in fat / sugar and low carbohydrates/ fruit increases chd
Obesity
Independent factor but links to high blood pressure / cholesterol and diabetes
Diabetes
Men type 2 diabetes have 2-4 times greater risk of chd
Infrequent exercise
20% in HICs caused by inactivity
Ethnicity
South Asian people moving to HICs have higher premature deaths than people from Caribbean
Family history
Genetics
Why are socio economic factors not overall bad ?
They can be prevented / controlled
According to world heart foundation. What is one of the major factors increasing risk of chd?
Urbanisation
What negative impacts does urbanisation have on increasing chd?
Crowded - spread diseases. Particulate matter. Discourage physical exercise. Processed food. Tobacco users. Second hand smoke.
Symptoms
Angina
Chest pain
Coughing
Recovery
It is possible and can live a normal life after.
Heart bypass reduces risk.
Rehab programmes focus on exercise / education / confident
Medication
Economic impacts
Cost to healthcare system and family.
How much did chd cost health system in 2009?
£8.7 billion nhs
Mitigation
Education Treatments affordable Short waiting list Healthy living Exercise
Dieticians
Uk
Promote benefits of eating oily fish / fruit
Mitigation - japan
Government led health promgarmme increased treatment of high blood pressure
New Zealand mitigation
recognisable logos for healthy foods
Reduced salt content
Health education
Schools.
Healthy diet/ smoking / exercise
World heart day events 29th September
World heat day
Medical activities - blood pressure testing.
Scientific conferences
Encourage healthy eating
120 countries take part in 2015
Policies / legislation
Reducing tobacco
Bans / smoke free areas / taxation
Singapore smoking ban 1970 and this was also implemented in uk
